Social Pressure on Individual Performance Essay -- Sociology

Little of humans actions ar carried out in isolation and thus, individual performance molds on and is shaped by the fond context and, specifically, by activities performed by co-actors (Sebanz et al., 2003). As Albery et al. (2008) reas whizd, other battalion may affect our performance on particular tasks and hence, we may even change the way we behave in terms of increasing the effort exerted towards a task in order to be favorably evaluated by others. This essay seeks to discuss the effects that the immaculate heading of other people have on individual performance and it is structured as following. The paper begins by introducing the concept of social facilitation. It will then go on to discuss a rival of theories that may offer a global netherstanding of the implications of social presence on individual performance.The term social facilitation was first used by Floyd Allport in 1920s and it postulates that, in terms of performance, an improvement of easy tasks and an impairm ent of difficult tasks may occur in the mere presence of conspecifics (Hogg and Vaughan, 2008). In other words, individuals ar prone to perform better if they deal with a well-learned task than if they perform a rather unfamiliar or poorly learned assignment under certain circumstances and therefore, for the latter, the achievement deteriorates considerably. In essence, what social facilitation outlines is that, the individual performance can be affected by the presence of viewers. Corespondingly, according to Zajonc (1965), the main condition behind this is that the actual existence of an audience elevates drive levels. Although this may be true, the presence of others does not always deal people perform better (Baumeister and Bushman, 2011).Triplett (1898) h... ..., 129, 183-190Guerin, B. (1993). complaisant facilitation. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy A theory relating self and affect. mental Review, 94, 319-340Hogg, M. A., & Va ughan, G. M. (2008). Social psychology 5th Ed. Harlow Pearson EducationSebanz, N., Knoblich, G., Prinz, W. (2003). Representing others actions just like ones own ?. Cognition, 88 (2003), B11-B21. max Plank Institute for Psychological ResearchThompson, R. (2002). Are two heads better than one ? The Psychologist, 15(12), 616-619Triplett, N. (1898). The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. American diary of Psychology, 9, 507-533.Weiss, R. F, & Miller, F. G. (1971). The drive theory of social facilitation. Psychological Review, 78, 44-57.Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, New Series, 149 (3681), 269-274 Social Pressure on Individual Performance Essay -- Sociology Little of humans actions are carried out in isolation and thus, individual performance molds on and is shaped by the social context and, specifically, by activities performed by co-actors (Sebanz et al., 2003). As Albery et al. (2008) reasoned, other people may affect our perfo rmance on particular tasks and hence, we may even change the way we behave in terms of increasing the effort exerted towards a task in order to be favorably evaluated by others. This essay seeks to discuss the effects that the mere presence of other people have on individual performance and it is structured as following. The paper begins by introducing the concept of social facilitation. It will then go on to discuss a couple of theories that may offer a global understanding of the implications of social presence on individual performance.The term social facilitation was first used by Floyd Allport in 1920s and it postulates that, in terms of performance, an improvement of easy tasks and an impairment of difficult tasks may occur in the mere presence of conspecifics (Hogg and Vaughan, 2008). In other words, individuals are prone to perform better if they deal with a well-learned task than if they perform a rather unfamiliar or poorly learned assignment under certain circumstances an d therefore, for the latter, the achievement deteriorates considerably. In essence, what social facilitation outlines is that, the individual performance can be affected by the presence of viewers. Corespondingly, according to Zajonc (1965), the main reason behind this is that the actual existence of an audience elevates drive levels. Although this may be true, the presence of others does not always make people perform better (Baumeister and Bushman, 2011).Triplett (1898) h... ..., 129, 183-190Guerin, B. (1993). Social facilitation. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340Hogg, M. A., & Vaughan, G. M. (2008). Social psychology 5th Ed. Harlow Pearson EducationSebanz, N., Knoblich, G., Prinz, W. (2003). Representing others actions just like ones own ?. Cognition, 88 (2003), B11-B21. Max Plank Institute for Psychological ResearchThompson, R. (2002). Are two heads better than one ? The Psychologist, 15(12), 616-619Triplett, N. (1898). The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. American Journal of Psychology, 9, 507-533.Weiss, R. F, & Miller, F. G. (1971). The drive theory of social facilitation. Psychological Review, 78, 44-57.Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, New Series, 149 (3681), 269-274

Emily Bronte Bibliography :: essays research papers

"Emily Jane Bronte was born at Thornton in Yorkshire on 30 July 1818, the fifthof six children of Patrick and Maria Bronte (nee Branwell). Two years later,her overprotect was appoint perpetual curate of Haworth, a small, isolated hillvillage surrounded by moors. Her mother died shortly by and by her third birthdayand she and her babes and brother were brought up by their aunt, ElizabethBranwell. Apart from a few short periods, she remained in Haworth. Her onlyclose friendships were those with her brother Branwell and her sistersCharlotte and Anne only three perfunctory letters by her survive."From accounts by those who knew Emily Jane Bronte, there emerges a consistentportrait of a reserved, courageous woman with a commanding will and manner. Inthe biographical note to the 1850 edition of Wuthering Heights, CharlotteBronte attributes to her sister a secret power and fire that might haveinformed the brain and kindled the veins of a hero, while Monsignor Heger, whotaught h er in Brussels, was impressed by her powerful reason and strong,imperious will."Emily Jane Bronte began compose poems at an early age and published twenty-oneof them, together with poems by Anne and Charlotte, in 1846 in a slim volumetitled Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton buzzer. At an even earlier age, shecollaborated with Charlotte, Branwell, and Anne on the plays and tales thatdeveloped into the Glass Town saga. By 1834, Emily and Anne were thoroughlyengaged in writing their own saga involving two imaginary islands in the northand south Pacific, Gondal and Gaaldine. No early prose narratives survive, butseveral poems by Emily and Anne refer to Gondal places and characters. EmilyJane Bronte is best known for her only novel, Wuthering Heights, publishedunder her pseudonym of Ellis Bell in 1847, almost exactly a year before herdeath on 19 December 1848. She became ill after attending Branwells funeral,and died of tuberculosis after an illness of about three months."Three writers who influenced the directionof the English novel also happened to besisters. Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Brontewere all born in Thornton, England in the early1800s. Their father Patrick was born inIreland, educated in England, and became anAnglican clergyman. He and his wife had sixchildren. The two oldest daughters, Maria andElizabeth died before reaching adulthood. Ofthe remaining children, Charlotte was theeldest, born April 21, 1816 followed bybrother Patrick Branwell, born June 26, 1817then Emily, born July 30, 1818 and Anne,born January 17, 1820. Shortly after Annes birth, their fatheraccepted a position in Haworth, located within

Rebel Without a Clue in John Updikes A&P Essay example -- Updike A&P

Rebel Without a Clue in Updikes A & P Adults always stress that it is valuable to make a good first impression. That is what Sammy was trying to accomplish in John Updikes A & P. Although some people believe that Sammy is a supporter for standing up for his beliefs when he quit, there is conclusive evidence that he quit in an attempt to impress a girl he was seemingly attracted to, Queenie. We know he is attracted to Queenie because he goes to great lengths to tell us what she looks like, what her mannerisms are, and the way that the other(a) girls follow her. For example, he says, She was the Queen. She kind of led them, the other two peeking most and making their shoulders round (1026). This simple quote shows that Sammy immediately identified Queenie as the one in charge. Another quote that describes this perfectly is, simply you got the idea that she had talked the other two into coming in here with her, and now she was showing them how to do it, walk slow and hold yours elf straight ( 1026). Naturally Sammy is attracted to Queenie and wants to be noticed by her. Sammy thinks to himself She must have felt in the corner of her eye me and over my shoulder Stokesie in the second s stagger watching, but she didnt trip. Not this magnate (1027). Sammy is surprised to see something like this in his town. He says, and the women generally put on a shirt or shorts or something before they cause out of the car and into the street. And anyway these are usually women with six children and varicose veins mapping their legs and nobody, including them could care less (1027). Sammys descriptions also indicated he had a lot of sexual interest in Queenie. He describes her as vividly as he can. He starts with saying, With the s... ...will be from there on. Sammy was able to bring attention to himself, but it did not work the way that he had hoped it would. The girls most likely didnt even acknowledge that he even quit. He tried very backbreaking to get Queenie to s ee him and accept him, but that didnt work either. Since Sammys attempt to impress the girls did not work, he was left standing in a deep shadow called life. I agree with Nathan Hatcher who wrote, Sammy quits his job not on a matter of ideals, but rather as a way of showing off and trying to impress the girls, especially Queenie (37). Works Cited Hatcher, Nathan. Sammys Motive. Ode to Friendship & Other Essays Student Writing at Virginia Wesleyan College. Ed. Connie Bellamy. Norfolk, Virginia, 1996. 37. Updike, John. A&P. harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed Sullivan Barnet. NY HarperCollims, 1989. 1026-1030.

Essay --

The State of Israel is one of the youngest countries in the West Asian region. Since the late 19th centuries Jews from different parts of the world emigrated to the land of their forefathers towards creating a homeland, in an area that was predominantly inhabited by Arab Palestinians for centuries. Since its inception, the Jewish immigration or aliya has been in the process of developing its own identity and this effort is reflected in its continual search for common roots or to seek a unified Jewish identity for a people after two millenniums of Diaspora. Because of historical reasons and circumstances, Zionism had neer accepted the Diaspora as a valid place for the Jews to be their home. The role of the past in the construction and legitimation of various ethnic and national movements raises sizeableness of archeology. This is valid for Zionism and its profound interests in historical sites and artefacts grew out of its search for Jewish national identity. Archaeology has been u sed by different nations as a semipolitical tool for the construction of their national identities. There are numerous examples from all over the world such as Soviet Union, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Ireland, Romania, Georgia, Belgian, Portugal, Norway, Albania, Germany, England and Japan etc. where archaeology was used in process of nation building. Archaeology in West Asian and North Africa region has been politicized successively through the efforts of colonialists and during the process of nation pass on building. Iraq, Israel and Egypt has been used archaeology in the process of nation-building.Archaeological evidences have been used in Israel to create a unified idea of the state through the foundation of the past, its connection to the present, and its... ...60s. The relationship that politicians and generals forged with archaeology was perhaps too intimate. During 1963 to 1965 Yigael Yadin ( first as Chief of Staff and then as a professor of archaeology) conducted excava tions at Masada, which received personnel, funding and equipment support from a vast number of national and international Jewish organizations, as well as the Israeli army. The phrase Masada shall not fall again became a slogan for protecting the State of Israel that has become popular even outside the country. Furthermore the place and story became part of the socialisation process and rituals of youth organizations and the Israeli army. Later it became the revealed site for the swearing in ceremony for the Israel Defence Forces (IDF). After prolonged efforts, the peace process facilitated Masada being declare a UNESCO World heritage Site in 2001.

A Father Does Not Always Know Best :: Free Essay Writer

The Adventures of huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain brilliantly illustrates a boys travels down the Mississippi and the trials and tribulations that occur as a result. Having a runaway striver as a companion and being set in the South during slavery only forebodes trouble. The many another(prenominal) characters and stunts that Hucks pulls provides for an interesting pic of a young mans venture down a river. Huck lives in a small town and has only one drunken pargonnt, which supplies Huck with many problems. His biological father, Pap, wanders from town to town, begging for money and drinking and every once in a while pops back into Hucks life to beg money and to knock his son for going to school and becoming sivilized. However, there is also another male figure that acts as a father to young Huck. Miss Watsons slave Jim travels along with Huck and befriends the boy. Because Jim is a role model and mentor to the young Huck, he is more of a father figure than his biological father.Ji m also teaches him principles right away through their conversations and debates. "Jim said he reckoned that the widow was partly right and that Pap was partly right, so the best way would be or us to plume two or three things from the list and say we wouldnt borrow them anymore (Twain, 49). Jim taught Huck how to combine what he had been taught so far and how to rationalize. He also taught Huck little fables and old wives tales such as the bad luck if ya touch a rattlesnake and a hairy breast mean ya gonna be rich sumday...(Twain, 40, 34) "Jim says you mustnt catch a maam cause its death and you mustnt count the thing youre ganna cook for dinner cause its bad luck" (Twain, 34) Jim teaches him both lessons that are essential to life and ones that are amusing and make life interesting. Fathers satisfy the drives of their sons. Jim satisfied Hucks need for exploration and his quest for knowledge and also satisfied his need for pleasure and enjoyment.A father teaches hi s son lessons. Jim taught Huck many lessons both unintentionally and directly. Jim shows Huck that slaves are homophile people. Huck learns that slaves are capable of human emotions such as love and compassion because Jim talked of buying his wife out of slavery and stealing his children out of bondage.

A Father Does Not Always Know Best :: Free Essay Writer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain brilliantly illustrates a boys travels down the Mississippi and the trials and tribulations that occur as a result. Having a runaway slave as a companion and being set in the South during slavery only forebodes trouble. The many characters and stunts that Hucks pulls provides for an interesting depiction of a young mans venture down a river. Huck lives in a small town and has only one drunken parent, which supplies Huck with many problems. His biological father, Pap, wanders from town to town, begging for money and drinking and every once in a while pops back into Hucks life to beg money and to scold his male child for going to school and becoming sivilized. However, there is also another male figure that acts as a father to young Huck. Miss Watsons slave Jim travels along with Huck and befriends the boy. Be character Jim is a role model and mentor to the young Huck, he is more of a father figure than his biological father.Jim also t eaches him principles directly done their conversations and debates. "Jim said he reckoned that the widow was partly right and that Pap was partly right, so the best way would be or us to pick dickens or three things from the list and say we wouldnt borrow them anymore (Twain, 49). Jim taught Huck how to combine what he had been taught so far and how to rationalize. He also taught Huck elfin fables and old wives tales such as the bad luck if ya touch a rattlesnake and a hairy breast mean ya gonna be rich sumday...(Twain, 40, 34) "Jim says you mustnt catch a bird cause its death and you mustnt count the thing youre ganna cook for dinner cause its bad luck" (Twain, 34) Jim teaches him both lessons that are essential to life and ones that are merry and make life interesting. Fathers satisfy the needs of their sons. Jim satisfied Hucks need for exploration and his quest for knowledge and also satisfied his need for enjoyment and enjoyment.A father teaches his son lesso ns. Jim taught Huck many lessons both unintentionally and directly. Jim shows Huck that slaves are human people. Huck learns that slaves are capable of human emotions such as love and compassion because Jim talked of buying his wife out of slavery and stealing his children out of bondage.

Sociocultural Forces

Before starting to plan to franchise a Mc Donalds in another country. They scram the relevant information from the target market in addition to the individual customers of the organization. They find out the shifts in argonas like the consumer behaviour and purchasing patterns of the market. Fundamentally, this is the key narrow down for executing a suitable customer relationship management system. Some of the Sociocultural forces from the countries where they were planning to enter that Mc Donalds took into consideration heathenishCultural McDonalds international restaurants satisfy local tastes and customs by offering unique products, services and other items to the menu. Customers in Norway can order McLaks a fresh broiled salmon sandwich with dill sauce on a whole-grain bun. McDonalds fans in the Netherlands can have vegetable burger and in Italy and Greece customers can help themselves at a fresh salad bar.Population Changes Changes in population demographics have many pote ntial consequences for organizations. As the total population changes, the demand for products and services also changes. When McDonalds opens restaurants in a new country, the problems it creates stimulate the national economy and broaden the local tax base. Besides the new jobs directly linked with McDonalds restaurants, the company indirectly supports other segments of a countrys workforce by hiring local construction firms and purchasing from local suppliers, local farmers and local distributors.Educational Levels All the staff and employees at McDonalds are given a handsome salary package and attractive incentives in accordance with the level at which the person is working. Thats why employees at McDonalds in other countries are satisfied and motivated. Higher educational levels allow people to earn higher incomes than would have been possible otherwise. The increase in income has created opportunities to procure additional goods and services, and to raise the overall standar d of living of a large segment of the population.The educational level has also led to increased expectations of workers, and has increased job mobility. Workers are less accepting of undesirable working conditions than were workers a generation ago. Better working conditions, stable employment, and opportunities for training and development are a few of the demands blood linees confront more frequently as the result of a more educated workforce.Norms and Values McDonalds has an open-door culture any employee can go to the Restaurant double-decker and can discuss any problem or new ideas for the improvement of the restaurant. Nobody has any hang-ups everybody does everything. McDonalds also believes in evaluate to the customer, that is, why prices are value oriented nothing sells forever unless it is value for money.Norms (standard accepted forms of behavior) and values (attitudes toward right and wrong), differ across time and between geographical areas. Lifestyles differ as s anitary among different ethnic groups. As an example, the application in the United States of Japanese-influenced approaches to management has caused firms to reevaluate the concept of graphic symbol. Customers have also come to expect increasing quality in products. Many firms have found it necessary to reexamine production and marketing strategies to respond to changes in consumer expectations.Social Responsibility is the expectation that a business or individual will strive to improve the welfare of society. From a business perspective, this translates into the public expecting businesses to take active steps to make society break dance by virtue of the business being in existence. McDonalds is firmly committed to give back to the community where we operate. They are happy to become involved because they secern that organizations have a role to play in helping communities to work successfully.

Literature Review and Empirical Essay

From the early eighties to the mid-nineties, the example Rate increased modestly, but is still be sm each-scale its mid-seventies level. While researchers confirm identified many reasons for the low UI recipiency rates over the past twenty years, many questions remain as to the causes behind the low rate and steps that policy and class officials might affiance to increase it. While the exemplification Rate is the most commonly used measure to evaluate the effectiveness of the UI program, researchers bring forth developed alternative UI recipiency rates to hail some of the limitations of the standard measure.The standard measure is expressed as the ratio of the insured vacant (i. e. , the spot of timed UI claimants) to the total number unemployed people. Alternative measures have been designed to better capture the effectiveness of the UI program by including the full range of UI programs available to the unemployed (beyond the regular program) and by more accurately defin ing the UI target population (a subset of unemployed workers).Purpose and Methodology The purpose of this report is to examine why the stock(a) Rate, as well as alternative recipiency rates, declined precipitously in the early eighties and continued to remain well below their midseventies level in the early nineties. We critic everyy reviewed the findings from the research literature to explore the factors others have identified to explain the drop in the UI recipiency rate. The literature review enabled us to identify factors for inclusion in our empirical analysis and to assess the do of factors that could not be included in our own analysis.Our empirical analysis is based primarily on the methodology used by Burtless and Saks (1984) and focuses only on changes in the UI recipiency rate over recessionary periods. It is important to comp be similar economic periods because the UI recipiency rate is higher during recessionary periods and lower during periods of economic expansi on. We first replicated the analysis from Burtless and Saks, estimating the effects of various factors that influenced the rate used in their original analysis from the seventies recession (1975-76) to the eighties recession (1981-83).We then extended their earlier analysis by testing the effects of additional factors during that period. Next, we updated the analysis to include data from the most recent recessionary period in the nineties (1991-92). We chose the period in the nineties to be consistent with the periods of rising unemployment rates selected by Burtless and Saks. Finally, we extended their analysis by using the Standard Rate and two additional measures of UI recipiency selected to measure the feat of the UI programs during recessionary periods.Our conclusions about the effects of various factors on the UI recipiency rate are based on the findings from both the critical review of the literature and our empirical analysis. We too present evaluation design options to ad dress some of the limitations of current knowledge. The Lewin Group, Inc. E-1 156059 Executive Summary C. UI Recipiency Rate Measures Four UI recipiency rate measures were selected for the empirical analysis.Standard Rate number of weekly claims for regular program unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all unemployed workers1 All Programs Rate number of weekly claims for all program (regular, extended and federal) unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all unemployed workers Standard Short-term Rate number of weekly claims for regular program unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of job losers unemployed less than 27 weeks and All Programs Job Loser Rate number of weekly claims for all program (regular, extended and federal) unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all job losers.The final three UI recipiency rates deviate from the Standard Rate by changing the definition of UI claimants, unemployed workers, or both. Because the All P rograms Rate and the All Programs Job Loser Rate include all UI program claimants, Wandner and Stengle (1996) argue that they are generally better measures of UI coverage during recessionary periods when extended benefit programs are provided. The All Programs Job Loser Rate differs from the All Programs Rate because it targets a subset of unemployed workers (i. e. , job losers) who would be most likely to qualify for UI benefits. The Standard Short-term Rate only includes regular program claimants and the general target population for the regular state program, job losers unemployed less than 27 weeks.This final measure was used in the original Burtless and Saks analysis. All three alternative rates are freehandedr than the Standard Rate because they use either a more expansive definition of UI claimants and/or a more restrictive definition of unemployed workers. From the seventies to the eighties, all four recipiency rates declined sharply (Exhibit 1). The largest reductions are for the All Programs Rate and the All Programs Job Loser Rate. These rates declined by more than the Standard Rate because of the large cutbacks in the extended benefit programs that were implemented in the early eighties. From the eighties to the nineties, the Standard Rate increased slightly.There is not, however, a large change in either the All Programs or All Programs Job Loser rates over this period, due to the small number of extended claimants. If, however, the analysis were extended to periods following March 1992, there would be an increase in both of these rates because of the extension of benefits through the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EU3) program. 2 The Standard Short-term Rate follows the same general pattern as the Standard Rate, though there is a much sharper drop-off in the Standard Short-term rate in the early eighties that corresponds with fewer short term job losers receiving regular program benefits.

Fashion in Britain

Manner in BritainLondon is one of the closely influential centres of manner in the macrocosm with the manner hebdomad held twice a twelvemonth in February and September. The British manner scene is extremely regarded and appreciated in the manner universe since it is share of the all in alleged E?Big FourE? 1 . However, such a high rank wouldn?t have been achieved without The British mode Council. This establishment was established in 1983 to assist organizing interior decorators, forming manner hebdomads and advancing fleece equal to(p) draw a bead oning theoretical accounts, directors and interior decorators. The current president is Natalie Massenet who was appointed to this place in 2013.Britain does everything in its power to maintain and beef up non merely it topographic point at the top but besides the influence it bestows on immature manner lovers. Many of its manner colleges, the more or less of import and universe famous is surely the London Fashion College, are h ighly competitory and attract 1000s of appliers from all over the universe every academic twelvemonth.From all of the above mentioned it is non hard to reason that manner is, and ever was, really of import to the British people. We are able to follow it all the manner to the Roman invasion of the British islands in 43 AD. The manner people polished in the earliest period of the British history before the Roman encroachers does non render itself to the analysis given the fact that merely scarce grounds exists. The preserved artifacts from that period include office staffs/fragments of raiment and pieces of jewelry. Harmonizing to the vesture found in Gravess, we basin freely presume that gravid females had worn down adventitias and masterfully made pieces of jewelry such as broachs ( which were presumptively utilise to fix the adventitias ) . However, these material artifacts are non plenty for pulling any certain scientific decision about the E?fashionE? in the period before 43 AD.During the Roman business of Britain, the land was divided into states and the overall province of the common people was really hapless. Since this period was localiseed by changeless battle and skirmish for endurance there was no British manner or manner of behaveing we can discourse. Thus, I will jump this period in my paper.I will take you to the journey by means of the history of British manner from the mediaeval period to modern manner tendencies and the greatest manner houses. Bear in head that during each century manner changed from decennary to decennary and it is non possible to include everything so this paper will concentrate merely on the most outstanding features of manner in the given period.Medieval and Renaissance mannerThe basic medieval vesture consisted of adventitias with long coat of arms and linen skirts for a adult male around 1050. Women wore same adventitias but longer and were obliged to cover hair with a goon.Although, manner changed easy throu gh the in-between age we can separate several chief ways of dressing. Hundred old ages subsequently, nil changed significantly for adult females whereas overwork abilitys added pointed chapeaus and legings into their garments. Around 1250 loose cloaks and shorter arms for both work forces and adult females came into manner. At a same clip, loose gowns with arms cut at two sides became really popular ( these sorts of gowns are still popular like a shot beingness the E?ancestorsE? of modern formal gowns and dance frocks ) . In 14Thursdaycentury adult females braided hair into a roll and a henin was worn by the aristocracy. The henin was a chapeau or hair dress more exactly in the form of cone with head coverings. These were normally expensive and represented a mark of aristocracy and aristocracy.Work force wore pointed places called crackowes or poulaines and the arrow they were the richer was the proprietor.From 1430 onwards the appareled and male garments became richer and riche r stuffs were rich, heavy and embroidered many of them imported from Italy and Flanders. Sleeves were given funnel form and were run along with pelt while the front circumstances of a frock was normally pinned back to let a lady easier walking. When the Renaissance reached its extremum, work forces were normally dressed in the E?Italian FashionE? manner which meant have oning tight apparels such as doublet and hosieries. Work forces had long loose gowns hanging over their shoulders and those gowns were cut undo in order to testify contrastive facings.British manner during 16Thursdayand 17ThursdaycenturyThe manner of the Tudor?s tribunal was characterized by a low waist and a high neckline. During the reign of Henry VIII, the Italian manner was still outstanding and work forces wore over-grown short gowns with skirts, tight hosieries. Approximately around 1520 full upper arms became popular. Women?s apparels did non alter significantly until the accession of magnate Elisabeth I. The twelvemonth 1600 saw the rise of Spanish manner. Men wore cushioned doublet and short knee pantss making the waist. The E?Spanish cloakE? was obligatory portion of vesture for royalty and aristocracy. It was made of heavy, rich stuff and was heavy embroidered. Nowadays, it is believed that sir Walter Raleigh through this sort of coat in the cadaver in order to protect Queen Elisabeth I from stepping into it. Queen Elisabeth dictated manner tendencies from her accession to the throne until approximately 1634, 31 old ages after her decease. She introduced long, blind drunk bodices and skirts of frocks were supported by farthingales and boulsters. Sleeves were broad and neckline was low cut in a specific manner in order to border the face. Caps were no longer worn hair was worn high with threads and plumes. In the in-between 17Thursdaycentury, the Dutch manner was popular. Work force wore un ludicrousened jacket and broad loose knee pantss ( similar to a musketeers? manner in France ) . Female apparels still involved stiff bodices while the long rich skirts were cut unfastened. False coil were added to hair beside threads. In the late 17Thursdaycentury, the manner of Gallic tribunals became outstanding. An over-gown was worn over the stiff girdle but was pinned back and gathered behind the waist in order to demo embroidered half-slip.British manner during 18Thursdayand 19ThursdaycenturyFrom the beginning to the center of the 18Thursday,gentlemen wore tight knee pantss fastened above the articulatio genus and field tightly suiting coats which formed curvy dress suits at the terminals. Men wore their ain hair, but the formal occasions they were expected to have on white powdery wigs. Ladies wore long heavy frocks dwelling of stiff bodices and several beds of petticoats. Wing-like arms were introduced and frocks were made of silk and heavy brocaded stuffs. Towards the terminal of the 17Thursdaycentury, dresses became simpler due to the strong influence of the countryside manner. It is called redingote or a riding coat the waist of a frock become shorter and a false hindquarters was added. Silk was worn merely in the eventides and formal occasions while the mundane frocks were made of wool, linen and cotton.At the beginning of the 18Thursdaycentury, the involvement in ancient Greece and Rome woke once more, particularly in the ancient manner. Dresses consisted of merely one half-slip with high waist. Long baseball mitts every bit good as muslin entered the manner. The girdle ( bodice ) left the manner scene and light stuffs were used. Gentlemen wore dark fitted suits dwelling of a cloth coat with buttons bluff vests. Breechess were replaced by a Pantaloons and a hessian siting boots became popular. George Brummell brought to manner a formal suit with a necktie which is still worn all over the universe on formal occasions. The manner of this epoch is exactly portrayed in the BBC version of the fresh E?Pride and PrejudiceE? starring Co lin Firth and Jennifer Ehle.The manner of 20thcenturyThe line of a frock changed since the accent was put on the shoulders and waist. Sleeves were whiff and skirts were long and fluxing. Hats were ever worn by ladies. The involvement in leather pocketbooks revived. 2 Evening dressed were low cut and made of alien stuff. Everything alien became popular-from stuff to make-up and hairdos. Hair was loose, curly and bob hairdo was popular. In 1947 Christian Dior presented the E? clean LookE? which involved fitted jacket with nipped waist and full calf-length skirt. Mary Quant introduced short mini-dresses and skirts ( 6-7 inches above the articulatio genus ) . The manner was shaped by Gallic interior decorators such as Dior and Gabriele E?CocoE? Chanel who brought denims, tanned tegument and expensive gustatory sensation to the manner universe. The 50s saw the rise of theoretical accounts such as Twiggy and Jean Shrimpton. garments were used to demo societal position. Vivienne Westwo od claim celebrity as the interior decorator during 70s and today. The 80s were a decennary of degeneracy with large hair and large puffed shoulders. In general, manner of the 20Thursdaycentury put speech pattern on female organic structure ( frocks became tighter following slender figure ) , make-up and hair, or as you wish-beauty in general.Modern manner in Britain is extremely influenced by the royal household, exactly, the Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton. Womans throughout England are seeking to copy her simple yet elegant and influential manner. Beside the royalty, theoretical accounts such as Kate Moss, who is considered British manner icon, represent manner function theoretical accounts to about all coevalss.Although Britain is non as rich in the being of influential manner houses as France, it still maintains high topographic point in the universe manner industry with aid of two most historied brands/houses-Burberry and Mulberry.BurberryYoung Thomas Burberry was the lam initis of the trade consult in 1856. He introduced water-repellent cloth which is called gabardine. Soon, the trade name started utilizing the name Burberrys which still can be seen on some older merchandises. In 1901, the company adopted celebrated E?Equestrian KnightE? as its logo. During the Second World War, the company was given the confinement to alter and accommodate officers? uniforms to the rough conditions of war on unfastened field. As a consequence, the celebrated Burberry trench coat was developed. Interestingly, it is still worn today steadfast merely minor alterations and is the hallmark of this trade name. In 1998, the company switched to utilizing the name Burberry once more. Modern Burberry has three trade names or subdivisions under its comprehensive Burberry Prorsum which is the basic line, Burberry London which produces concern outfits and Burberry Brit which is targeted at younger coevalss. The originative manager is Christopher Bailey.MulberryRoger Saul an d his female parent were the laminitiss of this manner house. The trade name is largely known for its leather bags, off-the-rack aggregations of vesture and accoutrements. Current CEO is Chris Roberts. In 2006, the company started the apprenticeship programmes in order to promote immature interior decorators and to supply employment for the local people. The learners are offered occupations once they finish the programme. The current interior decorator is Emma Hill who came to Mulberry in 2007. She is responsible for doing the trade name internationally celebrated and successful. However, in 2013, the trade name announced that Mrs Hill was go forthing the company in 2014. As a consequence, monetary value of portion stocks fell. In malice of this impermanent crisis, the trade name has many celebrated clients, most noteworthy of them being the Duchess of Cambridge.The rise of Britain as a manner power force decidedly started in the seventiess with the visual aspect of Vivienne Westwo od who brought hood into the manner. Since so, the British manner scene saw many gifted interior decorators who helped Britain to remain among the top four. The most of import of them are John Galliano, Jenny Peckham, and Alice Temperley.Vivienne Westwood is the manner interior decorator who foremost became for planing apparels for McLaren and hood set Sex Pistols. Her first track show was held 1981 and the dependant was the Pirates. When planing apparels, she likes to utilize traditional Scottish design, old cutting techniques from 17Thursdayand 18Thursdaycentury. Her designs vary from hood apparels, places, chapeaus to sole eventide gowns. Her designs were featured in the E?Sex and the CityE? movie. Although she was invited to take part in the costume designing, Westwood was dissatisfied with the chosen designs and the manner these were presented in the movie. As a consequence, she left London movie premiere and harshly criticized the costumes. She was appointed razz Grand Cross of the British Empire.Jenny Peckham is most known for her nuptial aggregations, flushing gowns and off-the-rack outfits. In 2008, she launched bridal accessorize to follow her nuptials frocks. From 2010, her manner shows became lasting portion of the programme of New York Fashion Week.Alice Temperley designs for her manner house Temperley London founded in 2010. She puts accent on quality silk stuffs and her couture gowns are hand-made. In 2011, her Royal Majesty Queen of England appointed Temperley Member of the Order of the British Empire.MentionsFukai, A. ( 2006 ) .Manner a history from the 18th to the twentieth century. New York Barnes & A Baronial Pub.Hart, A. and S. North ( 2009 ) .17th & A eighteenth ampere-second Fashion Detail Fashion in Detail.London V & A A PublicationHouston, Mary G. ( 1996 ) .Medieval Costume in England and France The 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries. New York Dover Publications, IncKlepper, E. ( 1999 ) .Costume through the Ages Over 1400 Illustration s. New York Dover Publications, IncLaver, J. and C. Probert ( 1983 ) .Costume and Fashion A Concise History. Oxford Oxford University PressPalomo-Lovinski, N. ( 2010 ) .The World s Most Influential Manner Interior designers. London A & A C Black PublishersPeacock, J. ( 2006 ) .Costume 1066 to the Present. New York Thames & A HudsonScott, M. ( 2011 ) .Manner in Middle Ages. Los Angeles J. Paul Getty MuseumWatt, J. ( 2012 ) .Manner The Ultimate Book of Costume and Style. London Dorling KindersleyWerle, S. ( 2010 ) .50 Manner Interior designers You Should Know. Muenchen Prestel PrintingWilcox, C. and V. Mendes ( 2009 ) .Twentieth Century Fashion in Detail. London V & A A PublicationBurberry. Burberry London. ( 08 February, 2014 ) & lt hypertext transfer protocol //burberryplc.com/about_burberry & gt Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. ( 08 February, 2014 ) & lt hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_ ( company )1

Effects of Television on Modern Society Essay

Upon its introduction up until the dot com era television was the most popular medium. The ability for news and events to be televised and viewed instantly around the world has given our society the ability to connect with the world by the push of a button. Although TV has made information more assessable it has its weak points as well.Over the years violence on television has become more common and more acceptable. Until the recent push for TV ratings it was difficult for parents to ensure their children were viewing material they deemed appropriate and even so some may not agree with the rating system. I remember as a young child watching Power Rangers which was rated TV-Y7. That meant the youngest viewer watching should be at least seven years old. Kids mimic their heroes and act identical they do. I dont think its in the best interest of any seven year olds parents to allow for the child to take in such brutal shows.I am sure that within the next ten years television will eith er become much more liberal, or much more conservative, but not anywhere in between. Less and less people seem to care what is broadcast on phone line TV, while the ones who do care seem to have a dying voice. The effect on our society is rather mixed and it will be a few decades before we see any real effects on our youth.

Hotel Rwanda Essay

In the film Hotel Rwanda, the story of capital of Minnesota Rusesabaginas life is set apart on display. It opens with a scene with the eccentric persons capital of Minnesota and Dube, a fictional character based on the Tutsi role players of the Milles Collines. Paul is discussing what style is to Dube they proceed to drive to pick up supplies from Georges Rutaganda. Rutaganda is a businessman and the leader of the Interhamwe militia group responsible for the genocide. At first, Paul appears to be his friend, to that extent when Rutaganda asks Paul to join the Interhamwe, Paul refuses saying he is too busy. Immediately we see Paul is a good person who doesnt want any trouble. Later, we find out why Paul doesnt want to be a part of the Interhamwe his wife and children are Tutsis. As the picture show goes on, the Interhamwe get stronger and stronger as the political unrest is growing. Once the Hutu presidents plane is shot down, the Hutus begin to cut the tall trees down as the rad io announcer explains.This was a sign to being the mass murdering of all Tutsi populate, specially Tutsi children. Paul begins to worry about his own familys safety and once their neighborhood gets attacked, he brings umpteen people to the Milles Collines, where he works. Due to the Milles Collines being a tailfin star hotel, Paul is worried he is lowering the standard of the hotel. At this point, Paul is trying to hide the fact that he is hiding Tutsis in the hotel. He is trying to keep the reputation to avoid suspicion from the Interhamwe turn outs. Soon, however, the UN guards who have been assisting the Milles Collines with safety are being told to evacuate. They take with them all of the non-Rwandan peoples and leave the otherwises left with no protection.There are many close calls with the Interhamwe and the refugees, tho Paul avoids the conflicts by buying off the generals and bribing them for more time. The UN soldiers finally return with visas for many of the familie s to leave the ground to escape persecution however not all of the families could leave and it was a difficult process for Paul having to leave, not knowing the outcome of so many he had tried to help. At the last second, Paul decides to stay and help the others while leaving his family.TheInterhamwe find out that the UN are smuggling Tutsi refugees out and ambush them. The UN car ends up returning to the Milles Collines and does not help any of the refugees. Eventually, after another conflict with the Interhamwe, the refugees escape to the safe side of Rwanda with the UN soldiers.My overall impression of the movie was depressing, unless inspiring. The whole genocide itself was unbelievably cruel, but Pauls actions to work against the genocide were so inspiring. It is very important to show the film Hotel Rwanda in Catholic Social Justice because during the genocide so many rights were taken away from those who had no say in the matter. At atomic number 53 point in the film, the character Jack Daglish, one of the journalists and photographers who filmed in Rwanda, asked one of the women if she was Hutu or Tutsi she answered Hutu.The same encounter went on with another girl sitting right next to the Hutu woman, yet the other woman said she was Tutsi. The irony of those encounters is that both women looked like they could be twins. The Hutus and the Tutsis have no real differences. Another reason students should be watching this movie in Catholic Social Justice is that it teaches students to stand up for what is right. There were countless times in the movie where Paul could have denied refugees from entering or left with his family to save just them but yet, he stayed and fought for what he knew was right. This is the definition of a hero and a role model for children everywhere.Over the course of the movie, many human rights were violated and abused. Firstly, and most importantly, the Tutsis right to life was taken away. They were brutally attacked, raped, tortured, and murdered simply for being a Tutsi. The Interhamwe did not disturbance about anything similarly exterminating the Tutsi population. Secondly, the Tutsis right to tribute was taken away. During the genocide, the Interhamwe came to a Tutsis house, ransacked it, lit it on fire, and proceeded to kill them with no intention, other than to kill. None of the Tutsis had any security whatsoever, and were always on the lookout for someone looking to kill them.Thirdly, the right to justice/free speech was clearly taken away. Not only did the Hutu rebel groups kill the Tutsis, they killed them for no reason. Over 90% of the Tutsi population were innocent bystanders who had never done anything wrong in their life,yet because of prejudice and hatred, the Interhamwe killed 1 million people in 100 days. They killed 6-7 people per minute. That is the highest and fastest rate of any genocide taken place. Fourthly, the Tutsis right to property was taken. The Hutu rebel groups would de stroy the Tutsis home, bargain their goods, light their houses on fire, and murder the innocent people living there. The Tutsis had no freedom. And finally, the Tutsis spiritual rights were taken away. It didnt matter what you did, how hard you cried, how much you begged, the Interhamwe were cold beings who killed for fun. The Hutu rebel groups did not allow the Tutsis any spiritual rights, economic rights, or any rights at all. They killed whomever they saw and did it because they wanted too.Not only were human rights violated, but also the Themes of Catholic Social Justice were desecrated. The first theme, life and dignity of the human person, was obviously debased. To have over 1 million dead in 100 days is absolutely crazy All humans are made in the likeness and image of idol, therefore each should be toughened with dignity and respect however in the movie, the Interhamwe treat no one with dignity. The second theme, call to family, community and participation, was violated, but also upheld. God calls us to be social and to put out within fellowship and community. God also explains that family is the most important thing in life because they teach us support. Obvious violations would be when the Interhamwe mercilessly kill child after child, parent after parent, without any regard to live in peace. But, this call is also upheld.Paul, his family, and his entire community live by this creed. They stick together through the deepest of times and are always there for each other even when they themselves have nothing to give. The third theme, election for the poor and vulnerable, has two sides to it again. God calls us to have a special place in our hearts for the poor and vulnerable. Clearly, the Interhamwe has no sympathy for any of the Tutsis, especially the poor and vulnerable. Paul, however, cares for those who cannot care for themselves. He helps the orphans when Madam Archer brings them to the hotel, he helps his neighbors seek shelter, and anyone el se who need refuge during the time. The fourth theme, dignity of work and rights to work, was again, violated and upheld. From the Interhamwe perspective, they did not care who you were or what you did. If you were a Tutsi, you were acockroach who belonged dead.Despite this, however, Paul manages to keep the Milles Collines running and the hotel staffs rights are upheld. God calls us to value the worker before we value work itself. When Paul becomes in charge, he values each and every worker handling each problem with grace and large(p) leadership. The fifth and final theme is solidarity. God calls us to see everyone as your brother and sisters keeper. The spirit of friendship and true community is the prat for a just world. Clearly, that is not the Interhamwes belief. They wanted to exterminate the entire Tutsi race and did not care how they did it.Paul and his community, over at the Milles Collines, cared for each other and worked together to stop this injustice from occurring. Despite the conditions they were in, the Hutu and Tutsi people who were living at the Milles Collines lived in harmony and worked together to defeat a common enemy. They worked together to tell the common good- meaning that every persons primary needs were met and their rights were respected. Although the Interhamwe violated every theme of Catholic Social Justice, Paul and his community upheld what God called us to do.Throughout the film, I was inspired in many ways. Pauls ability to handle so many things being thrown at him was admirable. Although he broke down once, he handled it with the utmost grace and love. Not only did Paul try to ensure that every humans basic rights, he also made sure that Gods call and the themes of Catholic Social Justice were also met. Paul Rusesabaginas story is one of inspiration and courage. His story encourages me to get involved more so that people who dont have a say will have their opinions voiced. Paul and his story will forever be remembered b y many. Paul is not only a hero, but also a child of God.

How to Read like a Professor

Blake Allen How to Read Literature like a Professor protect Allen Introduction memory symbol pattern These basic examples of literary analysis can be found in most literature from Lices Adventures in Wonderland to paper town. Every Trip is a Quest a sequester, a place to go, a stated creator, challenges and trials en route, and a real reason real reason is always self-knowledge In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo goes to the Caplet party because his friends dragged him along but the real reason was so that he could meet Juliet. Nice to eat with you whenever people eat or drink together, its communion nominally of allone is food ND death/ animation In The Great Gatsby when Tom Buchanan takes Nick Caraway out to drink with his friends, we regard just how pubic Toms aliveness really is. Nice to eat You Vampires selfishness, exploitation, a refusal to respect the autonomy of other people Ghosts and vampires atomic number 18 never only round ghosts and vampires older figure representing c orrupt values virginal effeminate strapping her youth, energy, virtue continuance of life for the old male death/destruction of female In The Scarlet Letter, Roger Chlorinating can be considered a vampire haunting Hester.He wants revenge for his wifes betrayal. He is a scholar and uses his knowledge to disguise himself as a doctor, intent on discovering and tormenting Hester anonymous raw sienna instead of revealing himself for years. Where have I seen Her Before on that points no such thing as a altogether original work of literature theres only one story Characters must be great in their own right before being compared to more(prenominal) famous characters I connect Jane Ere to Hester from The Scarlet Letter because while both Characters can stand tall on their own they desire a earth to stand with them and for them.Its from Shakespeare Even in just everyday speech we use Shakespeare- To thin own self be true sounds smarter, gives authority In the study Band of Brothers the Saint Crisping Day Speech from Henry V becomes the inspiration for the squad to carry on. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers Or The Bible Innocence, The Fall, serpents, apples, gardens, Timelessness, archetypal In Everlasting Tuck there are several times when a character is led only by a mysterious fire in the distance much like the Israelites were led in the exodus of Egypt.Handled and Graduated Kid stories build the basis of our themes Their usually about morals Sleeping lulu can be interpreted to mean a girl avoiding growing up by sleeping until a prince comes to rescue her from childhood. Its Greek to Me myth is a body of story that matters-patterns common to usual life Johnny Terrain, a character set after Paul Revere, had an Achilles heal that has crippled so numerous characters and people alike Fear. Even when a trust- worthy doctor offers to fix his wound hand, he is too afraid to admit the truth of how he injured himself.More than Just Rain Its never just rain-cle ansing, death, rebirth, desolation, replenishment Jane Ere is always the personification of the weather, whether its a cloudy foreshadowing or a red dawn tail end a burning castle. never Stand Next to the Hero action always leads to change-grow, learn, mature Characters are not people They are products of writers and readers imagination bear down of the Light Brigade depicts a loyal brigade that, even when it is clear that they are going to die, give their lives when their leader is given a mistaken shape to charge on. .. More than Its Ghana Hurt You Character caused-shooting, stabbing, bombing (moves plot) Author caused-meaning behind shooting stabbing Meaning behind) When Jeanie has to shoot Tea Cake in Their eyeball were Watching God she waited until he tried to shoot her four times, as the first three were blanks it didnt entirely set in too her that it was her life or Tea Cakes and the fact that she waited for the fourth shot may have meant she wanted to die with tea cake t hen live without him.Its All policy-making Political writing-writing that engages the realities of its world A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist are strong examples of the depiction of the need for public services in 1 sass England Shes a Christ figure, too mounded hands, feet, side, self-sacrifice, good with children, carpenter, forgiving, redeemer Gangland in Lord of the Rings can be a Christ figure because he scarifies himself with his arms out stretched to save the world from the wrath of Sorry and is resurrected to continue to help Bilbo Basins destroy the ring.Flights of Fancy Flight is Freedom banter trumps everything In the The myth of Deals and Cirrus, Deals make wings for himself and his son but his sun flew to high and was burnt up by the sun, Apollo, then he fell into the ocean. Its All about Sex.. Nothing isnt a sex implication In Jane Ere she is often depicted in relation to wide rolling landscapes while inside the tall towering castle of Edward Rochester. shut Sex Sex is about pleasure, love, sacrifice, and/or submission When Jeanie first discovers sex under the pear tree feels sets a standard of love for the rest of her life and compares all men to her first time Geography matters Where? -location in relation to hills, valleys, chasms, mountains, seas, islands, people, north, south, east, west space taken up or empty when writers send characters south, its So they can run amok The location OfGenies home throughout the book gives a relation of how society saw her status the average life at nannys and Logan Clicks were ground level homes, at Judos, her room was on the second story of her home so that even when she slept she was above the townspeople, and with Tea Cake she was below sea level as she and tea cake didnt own anything. So Does Season New life, adulthood, harvest, death spring, summer, fall, winter In Jane Ere, the death-white realms of the arctic that Beck describes is death to a girl suffer for freedom Marked for Greatness When a character is flawed, physically or otherwise, it is often a mark that will lead to fame even if its in infamy. Cackles heal, peradventure the most well know flaw of Greek tragedy, caused the sudden, dramatic downfall of one of the greatest heroes of literature.Hes blind for a reason mammalian Jones principle if you want your consultation to know something important about your character, introduce it early/ A character may chose to ignore or may be ignorant of clearly known facts to the reader this is blindness Jeanie forces herself to not see the sickness Tea Cake has until he rises to shot her the fourth time and she knows that she cannot ignore that life is really threatened. Its Never Just a Heart Disease Illness is usually a physical manifestation of inner struggle or pain. 1. Not all diseases are equal 2. It should be picturesque 3. Hysterics origin 4. Strong symbolical potential On his death bed, Joe Starks says he did everything he did for Jeanie so that when he was gone s he would acquire all he obtain so that she could sit the high-throne he built for her even after his death. Dont Read With Your Eyes Analyze with your brain, read through their eyes see what they see and know hat you know Can this person be saved In Shakespearean Romeo and Juliet, when both Romeo and Juliet see that their respective lover is dead they both personally decide that life sin t worth the living.This is a particular contrast in Romeo, as at the beginning, Romeo was in deep grief over another girl but not to the point of suicide. Its my Symbol and Ill cry if I Want too use what you know, every work teaches us how to read it as we go along, you know more than you think you do Everything is a symbol In Animal Farm there is symbolism in the windmill. The windmill represents the exploitation of the dim-witted animals by the pigs.As the pigs feast, learn, and keep warm most of the animals are starving, have given up on information and are freezing but never do they question t he pigs because when they complete the mill they will have all of that. Is He Serious? And Other Ironies irony gives a second, third. Layer to text irony may not work for everyone some miss it The irony of Animal Farm is that, though the animals had revolted ascribable to unfair treatment by humans, in the end the majority were worse off than ever before.

Socrates and the Soul

Socrates believed the most important task, in life, was to care for ones intelligence. Socrates argues that the soul is immortal and that we must rise above our somatogenetic nature in nightspot to gain true knowledge. He believed the soul was our very essence, and our bo separates the instrument utilized in dealing with the physical world. Socrates seemed confidant that human beings survive physical death, hence possessing an immortal soul. He felt a philosophers concern was not with the body but with the soul and the body played no part in the growth of knowledge.The body to him was an obstacle in the search for knowledge and t present is a division between the body and soul. The soul being immortal and that wisdom and meritoriousness come from the soul. Socrates proposes that after death the soul exists by itself, apart from the body, while the body, remains by itself, apart from the soul. In the Phaedo, Socrates friends suggest that the soul will die along with the body. So crates believes that the soul is immortal and if a person detaches himself from the physical pleasures of the world his soul whitethorn become free to follow the gods into Hades.However, if the soul has indulged in the physical pleasures it will be riveted to the body and may not want to go join the gods in Hades and so the soul will remain here among the living. One of the most important parts of Socrates theory explains that in order for the soul to leave the body you must separate yourself from the physical aspects in life, so that they wont compel you back to this world. This will ensure the soul will break away from the physical realm and join the gods in Hades. In death, Socrates was very confident that he would achieve this and in turn would join the gods when he drank the poison that nded his life. The soul explains Socrates, rules over the body however the body may deceive the soul through the senses. The soul may use these senses while dealing with things that are physical , but it should not ever so believe them. If the soul relies to a fault heavily on the senses, then it may start to value the physical realm more than the knowledge that comes from the soul. However, men need to service the body in order to remain here on Earth and because of this the body may distort the needs of the soul to be that of the body.Socrates differentiates the body and soul in hurt of their respective desires where they place their happiness. He felt that the body is the prison of the soul. Because every pleasure and pain, as it were, another nail to rivet the soul to the body and dyers mignonette them together. (Plato, Phaedo, 83d). The bodys pleasures and pains make the soul believe that truth is what the body says. Socrates felt that the soul needs protection from the corruption of the body by practising such virtues as courage, temperance, and by thinking about incorporeal or ideal subjects.However the bodys voice always interrupts these pure contemplations with its own concerns feed me, time to buy untested clothes, get me a drink, lets make love, Im tired. etc. He observes that the bodys primary concerns are the pleasures of eating, drinking, and sex whereas the soul sets its desires on attaining wisdom. Socrates implies that these dickens desires are in opposition of each other. This is why the soul of a philosopher must turn away from the body and its desires to set the soul free from its natural desires in order to attain true knowledge.The main arguments concerning the immortality of the soul come from the Phaedo. Socrates believed that when his body ceased to exist bothmore, his soul would leave and join that of the gods where he would be eternally. He believed so strongly of this that he did not fear death but welcomed it. He believed that the soul is shackled with the body as if it were a prison so that thought is contaminated or compromised. Man is made up of Body and Soul, but the soul is corrupted by the substantive wants of the body and it then loses the superpower to perform its true function.What Socrates felt was to communicate with the divine. Socrates believed that the human soul was invisible, immortal, and the director of the physical body. He felt that Philosophy is a divine activity and as such must prepare the soul with wisdom for dying and death. The philosopher listens to the bodys temptations as little as possible because the body complains that it lacks pleasure, but that fulfilment of pleasure always leads to more suffering so that the body again complains.This is a continuous cycle and his belief was that a person should care for their soul first and beginning(a) and that a persons soul was what made him/her who they really were. The soul was the whole centre of ones character it was the basis of thoughts, feelings, values, decisions and the state of the soul made a person either foolish or wise. By self examination and soul searching as well as ridding oneself of ignorance, he fe lt that like the body the soul would be kept healthy. Socrates believed that only when the soul separated from the body, is a person able to be truly tiro and gain all knowledge.This enlightenment has been Socrates life long goal of discovering the truth. He recognized it as the separation of the two worlds as the spirit was freed from the corpse (body), and its material concerns so that specific thought can finally apprehend the truth. He felt that the soul reasons best when none of the senses troubles it, neither hearing nor sight, nor pain nor any pleasure, but when it is most by itself, taking leave of the body and as far as possible having no contact or association with it in its search for reality. (Phaedo 65c).Socrates believed that in dying you learn complete knowledge because that is the time that your soul leaves your body and there are no more interferences. tear down at the hour of his death he showed no hesitation and welcomed death, with no obstacles in his way this would be his ultimate pursuit of knowledge. Biography Plato,The Trail and final stage of Socrates. Translated by G. M. A Grube. Third Edition. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. , 2000 Plato Phaedo. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. , 1977.

Exploring the use of digital gaming in teaching

It is the general engrossed of the research that is presently be undertaken to research the custom of digital drama in instruction and tuition of mathematics in order to run into up educational ends. The perspective is specifically be conducted in the dead reckoning of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with the purpose of looking at the government issue of digital gambling to ensureing mathematics, that is, either heightening learning or larning or looking at the possibility of digital gambling non h octogenarianing any positive consequence at all in accomplishing educational ends.There is voluminous information in the books about digital gambling being used in the educational scene, much often in scientific discipline and mathematics-related topics. Eck ( 2006 ) asserts that digital juicy-based learnedness has been unpopular for old ages until 2006 just now get downing 2003 the involvement in the use of digital bet ons to back up larning in miscellaneous Fieldss wear already started ( Wolz et al, 2005 ) . Habgood et Al ( 2005 ) , on the another(prenominal) manus reference that since the 1980s, in that respect has been signifi furthertt literature demoing how digital games ar in truth related to instruction and acquisition. Since 2006, there has been a covering involvement in the physical exercise of digital games for acquisition and harmonizing to the source, advocates of this type of learning shake up been rather taken aback by the alterations that occupy been go oning. Harmonizing to Eck ( 2006 ) , this fire be mostly attri unlessed to three of moment factors.The first of these factors is that advocates of digital game-based acquisition suck up unfailingly continued research on this new larning aspect and printing them by means of books, essays and articles with writers such as Marc Prensky, James Paul Gee and Clark Aldrich, to call a few. In the web, unrivalled would happen a volume of information that discusses about digital games as animals for acquisition, some showing the theoretical concepts underlying the tool while other readings provide empirical researches that aimed to accomplish specific ends in digital game-based acquisition.Second, the current contemporaries which is fundamentally the Internet coevals and instead, Eck ( 2006 ) calls the digital indigens get together a big function in the freehanded credence of digital games as acquisition tools. Persons who were fundamentally borne and have practically lived the Net coevals hold good to a fast-paced life welcoming and synthesising consort sorts of information at any whizz clip. The digital indigens as Eck ( 2006 ) relates, someway became disentangled with the schematic ways of acquisition and unremarkably enjoys speedy interactions. Besides, glorious ocular acts used for larning be what embody the current coevals and this accomplishment is something that would tremendously prefer digital game-based acquisition. Hoyles and Nos s ( 2006 ) until now reference that kids, with the emerging involvement in games as tools for acquisition, even heighten their abilities to plan their ain games and drama with them after, utilizing certain tools, one of which is the Playground, where in general, kids are satisfactory to pull strings alive cases.The increase celebrity that games have fundamentally acquired with the old ages is the third factor that says why digital game-based acquisition is widely accepted as of recent. Digital games are only when everyplace and come in assort media, therefore doing it more accessible to the general populace and therefore more apprehended.As if to farther curry up how games have been used to heighten larning today, Prensky ( 2001 ) describes the many chances connected with digital games-based acquisition. The writer asserts nevertheless that digital games are alone options used by educational establishments to farther savant acquisition. Harmonizing to him, a new simulacru m of acquisition has emerged and this is larning through melt downing. He cites some of the activities which are chiefly digital games incorporated in assorted degrees of instruction. Some of these are typing games, pre-school acquisition of the alphabet through work out machines and computing machine bonk being used by K-12 pupils. For grownup scholars, like in the instance of those preparation in the arm forces, the existent conflict in the battleground has been re-created through digital games and military trainees have to play these games that resemble a hardheaded conflict as simulations of the true conflict that has to go on when they solve the state. Indeed, the computing machines and the package for digital games that have been created and made more realistic by package experts have provided manners of larning for immature and big scholars.Digital Games in EducationSandford and Williamson ( 2005 ) describe computing machine games and picture games as digital applicatio ns which individual or groups of players control utilizing a personal computing machine or some other media such as a PlayStation.The writers suggest that by playing digital games, participants are able to sharpen accomplishments in confronting challenges that are more complex than what they encounter in school. The environment that digital games provide to participants is a learning environment. While playing, gamers are confronted with ambitious state of affairss that they need to decide to win in the game. This provides participants the accomplishment to confront realistic jobs of the same sort in the hereafter.While playing, gamers are excessively provided options which mean they have to prosecute themselves in some decision-making exercising and be able to see the effects of their determinations or actions. Identifying with the characters of the game is overly another facet that participants deal with when playing computing machine or picture games. especially in role-playin g games, participants are besides able to heighten their vocabulary, familiarising themselves with the footings used in the game that normally come because of the devices that the character in the game has to utilize. In this manner, participants pass on larn to understand the whole character being portrayed in the game. Socialization is besides enhanced by digital games as participants would commonly be affiliated with certain groups which have common ends while playing.Squire ( 2003 ) relates some of the features of digital games which make it utile for the educational scene. A digital game provides participants with drill and pattern. Presently, this map of computing machine games makes it of write for pedagogues because of its incorporation into the traditional course of study as exercisings that willing enrich the acquisition of the pupils as they immerge through it during single survey times. The other property of digital games that makes it utile for the educational scen e is the being of simulation and scheme games. Simulation games provide the participants a image of the world, within the walls of the house, the schoolroom or a computing machine store. Squire ( 2003 ) portions dickens types of simulations used and these are low-fidelity and hi-fidelity simulations. Hi-fidelity simulations try every bit lift as possible to mime the interactions and state of affairss that may be experienced if it were to go on in existent life. Low-fidelity simulations, on the other manus, are meant to supply body simplification so that some of import constituents of the schema may be highlighted. Video games that are both educational and entertaining let the pupil participants to pull strings some variables which in existent life, an ordinary pupil cornerstone non change merely yet. Players keister besides larn about different topics of involvement when they engage in educational games that will do them presume a certain function or personality. In this manne r, the pupil is besides prone the opportunity to see state of affairss in assorted positions. Digital games besides make it possible for the participants to plan a peculiar in three-dimensional infinite hence increasing apprehension of the affair.Gros ( 2007 ) asserts that digital games can be used by scholars to get cognition and larn certain schemes. The writer cites the survey conducted by Nussbaum and co-workers in 1999 with 300 4th twelvemonth pupils as topics. A series of games in linguistic intercourse and mathematics was developed utilizing Gameboy and that the games have characters that the pupils can place with. In mathematics specifically, the end of holding the pupils play the game is to familiarise themselves with the cardinal construction of accomplishments and mathematical thought every bit good as larning arithmetic and geometry. The instructors were able to besides larn utilizing the instrument used in the experiment in 2 to 3 months and feedbacks from the pedag ogues themselves reveal that videogame is an instrument that is easy learned and used and can function as bare learning stuff that they can utilize as back-up for the conventional instruction stuffs that they are already utilizing.Games have besides found its utility in Science and Engineering topics, in general. In the instruction system of the United States Science and Engineering, Mayo ( 2007 ) asserts that picture games have contend of import functions in turn toing lacks in the system because of five primary grounds. One of these grounds is monolithic range. The Internet has provided a manner for persons, pupils and even those who are already in the on the job category, to acquire entree to digital games. Some of these games can be downloaded for free, while others have to be purchased. Besides, the games need non be violent as there are games that educate users about assorted subjects. As the writer relates, these games are non really portion of the educational system as pup ils did non entree these games through the four walls of the schoolroom but merely the same, pupils learn.The 2nd ground is good larning paradigms. The act of playing video games is associated with enhanced larning results because the undermentioned accomplishments are being honed while playing experiential and inquiry-based acquisition, self-efficacy, end scene, cooperation or squad playing and uninterrupted feedback ( Mayo, 2007 ) .Enhanced encephalon chemical science is the 3rd ground behind the potency of video games in turn toing jobs in instruction. Mayo ( 2007 ) asserts that a survey in 1998 established the relationship between the sum of dopamine nowadays in the encephalon of the participant and his/her usual presentation in the game. Dopamine serves to excite acquisition of the participant. It essential be taken into consideration, nevertheless, that the game tested in the 1998 survey is non educational in nature and hence subsequent surveies are tranquil necessary.Tim e on bet oning undertaking is the 4th ground as participants normally take more than a twosome of hours to play digital games. If lessons in school have to be incorporated in these games, efficaciously, so it is uniting amusement with acquisition and pupils now take more clip larning than they did before with conventional acquisition.The last of these five grounds is larning results informations which suggest that have already been surveies conducted which compared the larning results of pupils subjected to games while larning and those under the traditional acquisition. It must be considered nevertheless that the games used in the ratings are non the popular commercial games that can be seen played today, but so the not-so-big-time games are still digital games and hence portion of the concern of looking how these games can better acquisition ( Mayo, 2007 ) .Squire et Al ( 2004 ) e research laborate on an empirical survey conducted among 96 pupils, of which 61 were assigned to th e experimental group and 35 to the control group. The experimental group played Supercharged In their Physicss category apart from the interactional talks on electrostatics and other addendum stuffs provided to them by the instructor. The same instructor provided electrostatics lessons to the control group through synergistic lessons, observations and experiments. Supercharged Is an electromagnetism simulation game developed through the aid of John Belcher, an MIT physicist? The game itself is chiefly be aftering and playing as participants have to travel through electromagnetic labyrinths and playing with charges to command a ship. Consequences of the survey showed that pupils belonging to the experimental group had better public presentation than those in the control group in footings of construct comprehension.Merely to add to the treatment on the inventions through for acquisition, in universities, where higher instruction can be acquired, engineering has besides been embraced. Together with this are the developments effected in order to supply larning to college pupils. Brown ( 2001 ) asserts that in this digital age, the universities have besides do their portion in bettering instruction. One of the inventions that have been taken is the integrating of studio classs as replacing for lecture-based opening classs. In the studio classs, the pupils have the opportunity to see talk, recitation and research lab, all in one incorporate class. The module is besides being given a better environment to learn synergistic lessons. The studio courses accommodate big categories but can manage an array of activities, digital and non-digital within the category.The MIT Media laboratory is another invention that has been brought to the universities. In this lab, theory and application are brought together in one category. The lab provides the category a collaborative environment where pupils can work out solutions to existent life jobs despite being confined in the lab.Brown ( 2001 ) besides adds that computing machine games, specifically, role-playing games ( RPG ) with multiple participants online have besides transformed the ways of larning. In RPGs, participants do non merely vie but they are besides able to make and set up groups. The higher instruction sees this as a theoretical account for constructing a networked acquisition environment. Players, by prosecuting in RPGs experience interaction with other participants as they swap their cogwheels and techniques among members of their group. The pupils originative and strategic accomplishments are besides being honed as they try to spread out their functions within the game.The literature discoursing the usage of digital games in mathematics instruction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) seems to be scarce. Al-Wakeel ( 2001 ) asserted that in the yesteryear, universities in KSA deficiency adequate computing machine instruction plans which are besides of high-quality. There have been contracts to beef up computing machine instruction in KSA but have failed non because the purposes were non good but because design of the plans was non planned good. Furthermore, there is a noteworthy scarceness in professionals who are subjects who could learn computing machine instruction. This is apparent in the past plans preparation of computing machine professionals who came from outside KSA. There is besides concern in research of computing machine applications that can be used to better instruction. To turn to this, KSA revamped its educational system with the constitution of Comprehensive Education Programs in the College of Computer and Information Sciences ( CCIS ) .With such move, although there are besides obstructions hurdled, research in computing machine instruction may be do including the geographic expedition of the usage of digital games in learning mathematics to KSA pupils.Because of sensed scarceness of researches done in this country in KSA, this research wi ll be chiefly done to research the usage of digital games in acquisition and learning mathematics to profit and ease educational ends, with peculiar scene in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This research will be conducted in order to look into the consequence of digital game-based acquisition to pupils motive and academic public presentation, peculiarly among pupils in the secondary degree of instruction.The incoming of Digital Games-Based LearningDigital games provide agencies of accomplishing a figure of ends. Prensky ( 2001 ) relates that through digital games-based acquisition, motive for larning topics that are hard to learn can now be achieved. This motive works in both ways. If the pupil finds topics to be deadening, so integrating digital games into the topic will do it interesting. On the other manus, if the pupil finds the lesson excessively complex, so digital games can be used to supply an alternate manner of showing the topics to the category in a manner that will direct the feeling of being hard to something that they will larn and love at the same clip.The usage of digital games in larning besides provides an chance for a conjunct attempt among people in different Fieldss such as instructors, content experts and digital game developers. In footings of the being of the Internet, the usage of digital games in instruction and acquisition will ensue to holding the Internet non merely as a medium of instruction but will be a lively locus of forum for users and manufacturers of games to get at new constructs everyday for larning that will do its manner through the scholars via digital games. There will besides be a uninterrupted thought of how digital games can be improved and innovated to outdo function the intent of conveying instruction to the pupils at its fullest potency, thereby bring forthing alumnuss will all-around personalities who can do determinations non merely in conjectural state of affairss but in realistic conditions as good.Squire ( 2 003 ) believes that since the 1980s, there has been a important betterment in the gambling engineering but so integrating these betterments into larning environments is one missing measure in order for digital game-based acquisition to boom. The writer comes up with his ideas on the hereafter of picture gambling in instruction.First away, the writer suggests that pedagogues have been precipitous on buying educational and entertaining digital games that are commercially available presents. Harmonizing to the writer, there is change magnitude frequence in the usage of edutainment but so there is non much evidence-based research which has been conducted to demo how these games really work. Design experiments must be incorporated into the work of games research so as to do educational games be more utile for instructional engineers and therefore set up research from at that place.Second, instructional engineers who design the synergistic acquisition environments of larning games can besides acquire lessons from the present inventions in gambling. The writer cites two facets of gambling that harmonizing to him hold non been to the full studied and these are synergistic fiction and online gambling. Synergistic fiction will supply instructional engineers information on how characters can germinate and develop in an synergistic environment. Online gambling, on the other manus, can supply instructional engineers valuable information on the design of on-line environments.Finally, by simply taking a close expression at all the digital games that have bristle presents in whatever medium such as those streaming in the cyberspace or games installed in personal computing machines, one would really happen himself amazed at how the design, sounds and artworks have evolved through the old ages. The many games found online every bit good as those played in picture houses and in the comfort of the places have all passed through betterments. The artworks about resemble that of real-life persons every bit good as the motions of the objects in the digital game. Aesthetics has continuously improved to the pleasance of consumers. Possibly, for educational games, this can besides be done. The creativeness in coming up with new designs and new games is one of the aspects of digital game-based acquisition that can be improved in the hereafter.

Summary and Reflection

The article contains a piece of history because in a way, it talks nigh how the low temperature War started based on the point of view of an editor named Charles L. Mee.As stinker be readily ascertained from the title, the author is merely presenting his educated opinion pertaining to the contribution of different countries want the United States, Russia, Germany and other countries , their hidden conflict, how they acted and reacted, and how they each played their role in the beginning and ending of the Cold War.The author also discussed some of the so-c whole tolded behind -the-scenes strategies that came into play which involved famous political figures, and he is leaning to the possibility that what these authorities did may have mitigated or aggravated the circumstances that still ignited the beginning of the Cold War (Mee, 2009).The author opens the article by painting a get a line of two scenarios The first one focuses on how President Truman expressed his uncensored se ntiments about the Russians to Foreign government minister Molotov who only arrived to pay his respects to the remains of President Roosevelt, and the second one talks about how Winston Churchill kept thousand of captured German troops and prepare them against Russia (Mee, 2009).In both of these pictures, the author is trying to illustrate sarcastically that the behavior of these people was a sure fire way to start a conflict. It is not abstruse to many that the Cold War began after the World War II. Sensitivity should be exercised at all cost during these trying times when talking about matter relevant to national security and diplomatic relations and the author is trying to say that these political figures showed the exact opposite of being sensitive.The author goes on to discuss how the different countries picked the strategy that would work best for their country economic- and military- wise, and they also picked on the countries which they would deem as allies.The Cold War r esulted in a battle between the strongest of countries, the east against the west. This view of the author is sustain when he mentions that the Big Three does not care about what happens to other countries as long as they did their part right and make sure that they can have everything going in their direction.He further extends his bloodline when he said that these contenders were just using the weak ones as pawns because during these times, the power is up for grabs and they need all the help they can get. The Big Three that the author is referring to are Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill (Mee, 2009).

African American Characteristics Paper Essay

African the Statesn finale in the United States refers to the heathen contributions of Americans of African descent to the assimilation of the United States, either as part of or distinct from American culture. The distinct identity of African American culture is rooted in the historic experience of the African American people. The culture is both distinct and enormously influential to American culture as a whole. African-American culture is rooted in Africa. It is a blend of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures.Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of Americans of African descent to practice their cultural traditions, some(prenominal) practices, values, and beliefs pop offd and over time welcome modified or blended with European American culture. There argon some facets of African American culture that were accentuated by the slavery period. The result is a unique and self-propelling culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on mainst ream American culture, as intumesce as the culture of the broader beingness (Rydell, 2010).Learning Team B has chosen African Americans as the cultur tout ensembley divers(prenominal) group we will focus on. The subjects in this paper will be African American hi horizontal surface, family characteristics, pargonnting practices, lyric, and religion. Also, the primary winding characteristics of African Americans and how those characteristics impact their experience as a subculture in American Society will be a topic. The last topic will be the implications of the characteristics for psychological theories and practices. History African Americans are the descendants of Africans brought to America during the slavery era.Many were owned as property and force backd to work as xx-four hour period laborers in the fields or as servants in their owners homes. Others were allowed to work off their debts by being bough and sold on the block. An article titled The Slave Auction of 1859 g ives a instruct account of what it was to be sold on the block The buyers, who were present to the number of about two hundred, flock around the platform while the Negroes, who were non likely to be immediately treasured, gathered into sad groups in the background to watch the progress of the selling in which they were so sorrow to the full interested.The wind howled outside, and by the uncovered side of the building the driving rain came pouring in the bar down stairs ceased for a short time its brisk trade the buyers lit fresh cigars, got ready their catalogues and pencils, and the first lot of humane chattels are led upon the stand, not by a white man, but by a crafty mulatto, himself a slave, and who seems to regard the selling of his brethren, in which he so glibly assists, as a seat of government joke. It had been announced that the Negroes would be sold in families, that is to say a man would not be separate from his wife, or a m opposite from a very young child.Ther e is perhaps as a good deal policy as humanity in this arrangement, for thereby umpteen aged and unserviceable people are disposed of, who otherwise would not find a ready sale (New York Daily Tribune, 1928). President Abraham capital of Nebraska issued the Emancipation proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of civilized war. The proclamation say that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free. Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways.It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the firm border states. It as well as expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control. closely important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory. History pages often claim President Lincoln as The dandy Emancipator which most educated adults come to learn is an over e xaggeration. The general consensus is that Lincoln neer freed a single slave, and only used the proclamation as a means to get what he wanted from the states.Once freed most African Americans still experienced racial violence and lived in fear for many years. In 1870 the fifteenth amendment was added to the constitution giving blacks the serious to vote. Although blacks were free they were still segregated from the white people, make to go to different schools, stores, and even ride at the back of the bus. In 1954 the supreme courts declared segregation in school unconstitutional due to the Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The civil set movement was at its peak during 1955-1965.Congress passed the Civil properlys Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, ensuring basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and marches, ranging from the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycotts to the student-led sit-ins o f the mid-sixties to the huge edge on Washington in 1963. In 1968 President Johnson signed the Civil Right act prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. Some of the most famous leader of the civil right movement includes Martin Luther King Jr. , Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks and many others.Although civil rights were established many African American still struggled to be treated fairly in America. Affirmative Action was established in 1978 by a ruling of the Supreme Court to ensure that minorities are given an opportunity that they may have missed because of their race. In 2008 Barack Obama was the first African American to be nominated for a study party nominee for president. He was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008, and sworn in on January 20, 2009. Family and Parenting Characteristics As with most cultures, African Americans place a high value on their families.In the United States African American familys make -up 12. 9 percent of the population according to the 2003 US Census. The US census also shows that for African Americans over the age of 15 there are 34 percent married, five percent separated, eleven percent divorced, seven percent widowed, and 43 percent were never married. According to the First Things First website, African Americans are the most un-partnered group in America (Medium, 2011, para. 4). unrivalled major goal of African American families is communalism, which is very important for effective functioning (Hall, 2010).Hall (2010) describes African American families as having three family types. The first type is the cohesive-authoritative that is explained to be a family with high cohesion on with being supportive, nurturing, and involved with their children (Hall, 2010). The second type of family is the conflictive-authoritarian that is defined as families with conflict and the parents are controlling, critical, and express gloominess with children (Hall, 2010). Th e last type of family Hall (2010) explains is the defensive- neglectful, that did not like other racial groups and also did not acquire their children to be proud of being an African American.One significant trend that has been determined about the African American family structure is that the more interconnected the family is, the lower the rate of depression in African Americans (Hall, 2010). establish on these findings, a platform yelled Strong African American Families has been created in order to strengthen the relationships in the midst of parents and children. According to Hall (2010), The Strong African American Families program also has been found to reduce preadolescent risky sexual behaviors, preadolescent alcohol use, and parental depression among African American families (p.95).This kind of program has been very effective in keeping families cohesive and helping to improve the goal of communalism. Language Generations of hardships oblige on the African American c ommunity created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally blend people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English. This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidginsimplified mixtures of two or more languages that intercommunicateers of different languages can use to communicate.Examples of pidgins that became fully genuine languages include Creole, common to Louisiana, and Gullah, common to the Sea Islandsoff the coast of South Carolina and Georgia (Rydell, 2010). It is sad to withdraw that slave owners intentionally put Africans with people who did not speak their language to discourage communication, but is have been interrogationed and proven to be true. Slavery is not the only element to African American culture, and it often seems that when discussing African American culture slavery is the main topic.However, when discussing language the centuries of slaver y that they endured have everything to do with the evolution of African-American language. Now that we have covered the origin of African American language we can discuss the American perspective of where modern day African American language stands, and how this effects the culture. African American tongue English (AAVE)also called African American English less precisely opaque English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE)is an African Americanvariety(dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.Non-linguists sometimes call it Ebonics(a term that also has other meanings or strong connotations) or jive or jive-talk. Its pronunciation is, in some respects, common to Southern American English, which is spoken by many African Americans and many non-African Americans in the United States. There is little regional variation among speakers of AAVE. Several creolists, including William Stewart, John Dillard, and John Rickford, argue that AAVE shares so many characteristics with Creole dialects spoken by black people in much of the world that AAVE itself is a Creole dialect while others maintain that there are no significant parallels.As with all linguistic forms, its usage is influenced by age, status, topic and setting. There are many literary uses of this variety of English, curiously in African-American literature (Rydell, 2010). Of course this information does not imply that all African Americans speak a version of AAVE, only that it is very common and prevalent throughout the modern day African American culture. Religion In the African American community religion plays an extremely significant role. The story of African-American religion is a tale of variety and creative fusion.Enslaved Africans transported to the New World beginning in the fifteenth century brought with them a wide range of local phantasmal beliefs and practices. This diversity reflected the many cultures and linguistic groups from whic h they had come. The majority came from the West Coast of Africa, but even within this area religious traditions varied greatly. Islam had also exerted a powerful presence in Africa for several centuries before the start of the slave trade an estimated twenty percent of enslaved people were practicing Muslims, and some retained elements of their practices and beliefs well into the nineteenth century.Preserving African religions in North America proved to be very severe. The harsh circumstances under which most slaves livedhigh death rates, the time interval of families and tribal groups, and the concerted effort of white owners to eradicate heathen (or non-Christian) customsrendered the preservation of religious traditions difficult and often unsuccessful. Isolated songs, rhythms, movements, and beliefs in the curative powers of roots and the efficacy of a world of spirits and ancestors did survive well into the nineteenth century.Historically during their most difficult times the African American relied on their religious beliefs to endure. During the civil rights movement black churches were often the target of racial violence because that was a place that African Americans spent most of their time. This was a place where they often held meetings to discuss their civil rights efforts. African Americans practice a number of religions, but Protestant Christianity is by far the most prevalent. Some African and African American also follow the Muslim and Judaism.According to Fife, Kilgour, Canter and Adegoke (2010), African uncanny traditions have historically held a central place in African American communalism (Mbiti, 1990) and were vital to survival during the time of slavery. In African and African American culture the concept of spirituality is inseparable from all other aspects of human experience. The spiritual and the physical are indistinguishable (Mbiti, 1990). A deep connection exists between humans, God, family, and group (Barrett, 1974).Spirituali ty is not compartmentalized into systematized beliefs and practices but woven into everyday experience (Boyd Franklin, 1989). The Black church is the primary means through which many African Americans express their religious and spiritual beliefs and values (Richardson & June, 1997). This institution is a central force in African American childhood and adolescent identity and helps to shape ideas about what comprises community. Many African American children have christen ceremonies for they can even walk or talk.African American families loosely spend a substantial amount of time within their places of worship. Conclusion For review, the big questions the above research addressed were What are the primary cultural characteristics of this selected group? How do the characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society? How might the cultural aspects of this group be applied to handed-down psychological theory? What are the implications of these ch aracteristics for psychological theory and practice?We have found that the primary cultural characteristics of the African America culture are their history of slavery in America, distinct family and parenting practices, slavery ground evolution of their language, and their dedicated religious beliefs. The characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society by enticing others in to the culture and sparking curiosity around the world. African Americans make up a small percentage of the minority in America. However African American culture dominates the world of music, fashion, and professional sports.The cultural aspects of the African American group can be applied to traditional psychological theory when considering family dynamics, cultural perspectives, and how these aspects influence mental health. The implications of these characteristics for psychological theory and practice would focus on how the African American history of slavery in Ameri ca influences their world view, how family and parenting practices mold their ideals of what a family should be, how religion influences their beliefs and actions, and how language distinguishes them from others and what psychological impact this has on them as a whole.For many years African-American culture developed separately from mainstream American culture, both because of slavery and the persistence of racial discrimination in America, as well as African-American slave descendants desire to create and maintain their own traditions. Today, African-American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct cultural body. References Fife, J. , McCreary, M. , Kilgour, J. , Canter, D. , & Adegoke, A. (2010). Self Identification Among African American and Caucasian College Students. College Student Journal, 44(4), 994. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.Hall, G. C. N. (2010). Multicultural psychology (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pea rson/Prentice Hall. Medium. (2011). First Things First. Retrieved from http//firstthings. org/page/research/african-american-family-facts New York Daily Tribune, March 9, 1859 reprinted in Hart, Albert B. , American History Told by Contemporaries v. 4 (1928). Retrieved from http//eyewitnesstohistory. com Rydell, R. J. , Hamilton, D. L. , & Devos, T. (2010). NOW THEY are AMERICAN, NOW THEY ARE NOT VALENCE AS A DETERMINANT OF THE INCLUSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE AMERICAN IDENTITY. amicable Cognition, 28(2), 161-179. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.