The Bank of New York and its History Essay -- essays papers

The Bank of New York and it's History On February 23, 1784, a small advertisement appeared in The New York Packet, one of the many New York newspapers of that era. This advertisement announced that prominent New York citizens had established a bank. The bank, established by the prominent, would not officially open for business until June 9, 1784. That bank would come to be known as the bank of New York. Alexander Hamilton, a well-known New York attorney, was asked to write the constitution of the new bank. He complied and therefore Alexander Hamilton was credited with the founding of the Bank of New York. The Bank of New York is the oldest bank in New York and along with that is one of the oldest banks in the world since banking the way we know it today began in the 18th century. Alexander Hamilton later went on to become the Secretary of the Treasury in President George Washington’s first cabinet. In 1789, Hamilton negotiated the first loan obtained by the new Democratic government. The amount of the loan was $200,000, and was issued by The Bank of New York. Hence, not only is the Bank of New York one of the oldest banks in the world, but it is also a historic one because it was the first bank in the United States to issue a loan. Adding to that historic feeling, when the New York Stock Exchange was created in 1792, the first stock traded was the Bank of New York's stock. The Bank of New York played a major role in the economic growth in the New York metropolitan area. The Bank was also involved with the growth of transportation. The construction of the Morris Canal in New Jersey and the Erie Canal in New York were partially funded by the Bank, which also provided financing to the steamboat companies that benefited from these waterways. Through investments in nearly every railroad and utility, as well as in the construction of the New York City subway system, the Bank of New York continued to provide vital capital to the expanding American economy. However, far more emphasis was given to conservative practices and retaining the confidence of our customers. That policy enabled the bank to survive the economic turmoil of the early twentieth century. Throughout its 200-year history, the Bank of New York has been involved in many mergers and acquisitions. Through mergers with the New York Life Insurance & Trust Company, The... ... to service our current needs. It is also important that they are committed to the ongoing investment in technology required to deliver the securities, cash and investment management support services we require. The Bank of New York is a well-established financial institution that has outlasted numerous financial hardships, including the Great Depression. It has a long history of providing excellent services to its customers. In the present day, The Bank of New York continues to live up to that reputation by offering its customers a variety of financial services. The future can only get better for the Bank of New York. With the technological era in full swing, the Bank of New York is taking full advantage by specializing in technological securities. In conclusion, The Bank if New York is a historical financial institution that played an important role in the economic growth of the United States. No other bank can say that it has done as much for the United States as has done the Bank of New York. Bibliography: 1. http://www.gwdg.de/~ifbg/bank_2.html 2. http://www.bankofny.com/about/ahst.htm 3. http://www.bankofny.com/util/usgx.htm 4. www.bankofny.com

Southwest Airlines: Organizational Commitment and Communication

Southwest Airlines’ strong organizational culture is reflected in its mission as shown in its website: â€Å"dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit. † Southwest is a company that not only excels in customer service and profitability but also in employee development. Its organizational commitment is not reduce to the organization; it is actually expand it to an ongoing relationship with the employees where they have the opportunity to express their ideas, suggestions and concerns. This organizational culture has made Southwest Airlines one of the companies with the fewest customer complaints, and an employee turnover ratio of less than 10 percent (D’Aurizio, 2008). The same strong culture Southwest Airlines has built over the time is supported by every employee who has in mind that they have to deliver a warm and friendly assistance to their customers. Southwest management’s strategy could not be any better; the management treats employees as family, expecting from the employees to treat customers like family as well. The company is characterized for having a decentralized structure. In between the CEO and the frontline supervisors, there are only a few levels. Their philosophy on structure is very relaxed. Any employee who feels the need is welcomed to contact someone above their supervisor. The president has three executive vice presidents who each have five or six vice presidents who report to them. There is one vice president of Internal Audits and Special Projects who reports directly to the president. (Rivera, Cornwell, Abenes, 2003) The Southwest culture creates and integrates a dedicated and motivated workforce that succeeds together. The owners’ leadership style is led by example; that is how Kelleher treats his employees, like family, he is open to communicate and he also knows the vital role in forming this unique culture. Before people become employed at Southwest, the managers in charge of the hiring interview make sure they embed the organizational culture in the candidates. When they become part of the Southwest family, then they are treated like part of it. Any event in the lives of the employees are acknowledged and celebrated by everyone, everyone cherish for the success and happiness of the members of the family. The company establishes special programs for families of employees. The company listens to comments and feedback, not only from employees, but also employees’ families, customers, and vendors (D’Aurizio, 2008). This company has become profitable by putting into practice the philosophy of an open communication. Southwest does not have the culture only in paper, they actually live it. The managers start giving the example to the employees, and they follow their leaders. Southwest strategically generates satisfaction to their employees, this needs satisfactions will later reflect and convert into satisfaction to the customer and shareholder value via organizational capabilities I believe the success of Southwest Airlines comes from the combination of different sources of power. Part of it comes from the expert power, and also from the reward power. Southwest management had has the ability and knowledge to create such an amazing organizational culture, this ability is the expertise power. Now the way they have applied the idea into real actions, the fact that they led by example and treat the employees as family is the reward power. The management has gained the respect, trust and loyalty from their employees. This is because of what they have done not only with words but more important with actions. Concerning the communication aspect, this plays an important role in the organizational culture of Southwest Airlines and the way the employees perceive that culture. The website Reference for Business (2009) explain how the contend of a message send will be perceive in different way by every individual. Each person gives their own personal meaning to the message received. This also happens due to the experience, the receiver makes sense out of a message based on experience. No one can perceive experiences in the same exact way as another does. Each individual has a unique set of experiences, a unique perceptual â€Å"filter,† that helps them to understand or interpret messages received. These filters are built over time by each individual person according to their childhood background, and the life experiences. Finally, we can say that the combination of the message received and he experience of the receiver is what makes an interpretation of the message. This is the reason why Southwest management emphasizes in a clear and concrete communication. They know how some messages can be easily misunderstood or twisted on the way. And this is the reason why they keep an open communication to the employees. Allowing questions when the message was not clear, as well as allowing suggestions when the employees do not agree. The challenge for every organization is how to create a great channel of communication that will enable employees to comprehend messages in the way they were originally intended to be transmitted. According to Beebe and Masterson, â€Å"conflict in a group occurs when members disagree over two or more options that a group can take in trying to make a decision, resolve a problem, or achieve a goal† (Chapter 7, p. 69). Other types of conflicts can occur as a result of differences in goal. Now, the good news about conflict is that it can be use in a positive way contrarily to the popular belief that states that a conflict should always be avoided. Southwest Airlines, for example, could use conflict to challenge their employees to research, or come up with ideas of how to resolve some specific issues, problems. Additional researches will help to determine a better way to fix problem that are costing a lot of money to the company. The commitment of Southwest airlines is to a culture that motivates, empowers and promotes employees to make the company one of the best companies to work for, as well as one of the most profitable one. One of the most important tools this company uses is the open communication and the in-house advancement that encourages a positive perception of company culture, allowing employees the opportunity to express ideas, suggestions, concerns that Make them believe they are part of the Southwest â€Å"family†. Southwest best strategy is the commitment not only to the organization itself but also to the employees. Everyone there is part of a big family who works hard to keep harmony n within the family. They use great leadership styles where the managers led by example and they are always open to any communication. This company should be use as example as what it is to build a great culture and a great organizational commitment.

The Transatlantic Airline Market Between The United States...

Market Description: The transatlantic airline market between the United States and Europe is the single largest intercontinental market in the world, with rigorous competition between dozens of airlines. The transatlantic market consists of passengers, both seeking business and pleasure needs. Within the first year of offering transatlantic flights, higher income professionals travelling for business purposes will be targeted, along with families and students travelling on a J-1 visa. As the market is heavily competitive, targeted segments such as families and students will be relatively elastic to a change in price, with hope of finding the best deal. If Ryanair can replicate its hugely successful model, offering savings on landing fee†¦show more content†¦Dublin is a powerful connecting hub for transatlantic routes; Aer Lingus has now turned its focus on long haul growth, resuming flights to Los Angeles, and a host of other destinations. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat analysis: Strengths: Ryanair have a number of strengths on which to build on: 1. Low costs- Ryanair has the lowest unit costs in Europe and one of the lowest when compared to international airliners. Lower costs can be passed onto customers in the form of cheaper prices, which Ryanair will need to offer in order to compete. Research from the Centre for Aviation showed that whether it was cost per seat or cost per passenger, Ryanair costs were less that of their competitors. (Source: CAPA- Centre for Aviation- Unit cost analysis of Emirates, IAG Virgin; about learning from a new model, not unpicking it) 2. Low fares- This is a result of lower costs, enabling Ryanair to offer lower costs than their competitors. If Ryanair can replicate their current cost model which has proved so successful in the European market and transfer it into transatlantic routes, they could offer flights at a significant amount less than Delta and BA. 3. Size- Currently, Ryanair is larger in transporting passengers than Aer Lingus and British Airways. Due to its enormous size, it has given Ryanair significant negotiating power over Boeing, and has undoubtedly provided Ryanair with discounts and led to Ryanair’sShow MoreRelatedThe Business Model Conceived By Ceo Michael O Leary3225 Words   |  13 Pagesbusiness model conceived by CEO Michael O’Leary affords the company much in the ways of agility and long-term adaptability. With the economic recovery of the European Union, new threats arise to challenge Ryanair such as an emerging budget air carrier market, fluctuating fuel prices, and controversial customer relations. Examined in this paper will be the internal cost accounting factors that affect the firm as well as an analysis of Ryanair’s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Environmental ThreatsRead MoreOperation and Strategy management for Ryanair2421 Words   |  10 PagesRyanair in the airlin e industry. Ryanair is a low cost budget airline travelling across 1600 routes from 57 bases connecting 180 destinations in 29 different countries (Ryanair.com). Ryanair first started its operations in 1985 between Ireland and London. The first year it commuted around 5000 customers but the company really took off in 1990 when Michael O’ Leary was appointed the CEO of the company. The company was envisaged by its CEO Michael O’ Leary and adapted the Southwest airline model fromRead MoreBusiness Plan of Skytrails Airline, Ltd.14517 Words   |  59 PagesBUSINESS PLAN SKYTRAILS AIRLINE, LTD. London Stansted Airport London, United Kingdom SkyTrails Airline plans to establish itself as a niche player in the long-haul market of business travel. By continuously focusing on the needs of the premium-class business traveller, SkyTrails will provide the best value proposition in the markets it serves. It will offer customers a compelling value proposition: a high level of service and comfort at 50 percent of the current published business-classRead MorePorters 5 Force, Pest and Swot Analysis4769 Words   |  20 Pagessomething about the situation they are trying to affect and take control when they must.† 1.2 Leadership Theories: McGregors Theory X and Y: In theory X McGregor states that the only reason people work is for money and they don’t get satisfaction out of their job. However in theory Y, McGregor takes a different approach and states that people work for more than just money, that they can be motivated by the want for job satisfaction and acceptance in the workplace. Situational Theory: ProposesRead MoreAirfrance Klm Merger Case2230 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction In 2004 Europe’s largest airline group was formed after the European Commission had approved a merger between French Air France and Dutch KLM. A merger of this dimension certainly has major influences on the economy. This paper will give an insight on the incidents of this instance, the economic consequences and it will deal with the question whether the European Commission’s decision was reasonable. First of all the two firms will be introduced and an overview about the merger willRead MoreThe Impacts of September 11, 2001 on the Aviation Industrys Marketing Mix2149 Words   |  9 Pagesthe impacts of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the aviation industry. Specifically, how aviation industry members were forced to alter their marketing mix in response to the events. The four P s of marketing were all modified. The airlines had to change their product (route structures) and their prices. They also had to change their promotion tactics to ease the customer s fear factor. Lastly they had to alter the means of delivering their product to the consumer due to enhanceRead Moreswissair alliances case study2464 Words   |  10 PagesPhilippines I- Case Background The Swiss Air Transport Co. Ltd., was founded in 1931 to fly between Switzerland and a handful of central European locations. By 1949, the company had become the Swiss flag airline, and had inaugurated long-haul intercontinental service over the North Atlantic. By 1970, Swissair also served destinations in Asia, Africa, and South America. In 1990, Swissair was among the top 20 airlines in international revenue-passenger-kilometers flown and among the top ten in internationalRead MoreTo What Extent Did World War II Affect Economic Relations Between The Us And The Netherlands?1321 Words   |  6 PagesMagnus Mulder IB Extended Essay August 31, 2015 Dutch American Relations Before and After WWII Research Question: To what extent did World War II affect economic relations between The US and the Netherlands? Thesis: Abstract: Introduction: To look at the change in economic relations between the netherlands and the U.S. on either side of WWII it is hard to not mix in some politics and military theory as it is a world war, arguably the biggest conflict in the history of the world (that we know of)Read MoreSwot and Pestel Analysis of an Organisation of Your Choice. British Airways Plc3340 Words   |  14 Pagesthe purpose of analysing the internal and external analysis which affects British Airways plc (British Airways) strategy. British Airways is a fast growing airline company applying the innovative approach of their strategic process, however they have experienced conflicts dealing the market for the reason of increase of competition in the market. The report begins about the history of British Airways which started after the end of World War I. Describing the company’s objectives and long term visionRead MoreU.s. Airlines Open Skies Program And Continuation Of Globalization3603 Words   |  15 Pagesglobalization, U.S. airlines are facing stiffer competition. As the possibility of cabotage looms in the future, American passengers may have more opportunities to fly foreign carriers both at home and abroad. ‘Open Skies’ operations have commenced on transatlantic and intra-EU routes, meaning that choice of carrier has expanded for U.S. air travelers abroad. EU authorities challenenged US authorities for the right to operate EU carriers within the U.S. domestic market, as well as the right

Belonging English Speech - 1493 Words

Belonging English Speech INTRO Belonging is a fundamental part for all individuals in which we strive for acceptance and security through others. Understanding is a main part of feeling like you belonging. Individuals belong when they fell connected to others and the world. However to do this they must first have an understanding and acceptance of self which will nourish their sense of belonging. A lack of understanding of the concept of belonging and yourself leads to preventing your identity, relationships, acceptance and ultimately belonging. The concept of the understanding of belonging is shown in my three texts: Swallow the air – Tara Jane Winch, Rabbit Proof Fence – Phillip Noyce and So Much to Tell You – John Marsden. STA In†¦show more content†¦The misunderstanding from the white authorities is preventing her from belonging with her family and community. The motif of the fence represents the paths that the three girls have to following on their journey back to there family. Is a positive link between Molly and her mother to help her find her way home. The fence not only provides for Molly a way home but also a way to re-establish a connection with her mum and land where she belongs. A route the girls must take in order for them to feel security and comfort once again. Molly understands what she has to do and is determined to not let this barrier keep her from her family. Link back to topic sentence Specific camera angles are used at the beginning of the film to show that the girls do not want to go on this journey. This is evident in the scene where the girls are being transported away from their family on the train. Close ups are used to show the distress on Molly’s facial expressions as she is being taken from her family and doesn’t know where she is going. Although there is no dialogue this displays to the audience that she is being forced on this journey away from connections to her family and land were she has strong relationships and feels security and acceptance. Understanding helps this howww Chuck the word understanding in there somewhere haha LINK Molly is similar to the protagonist Marina in the novel So Much toShow MoreRelatedThe Three Levels Of Standardness In English1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe three levels of standardness in English are formal standard English, informal standard/mainstream English, and vernacular English (Wolfram Schilling, 2016). Based in written language, formal standard English is greatly enforced in formal institutions such as schools and is codified in English grammar texts. It is resistant to change and only used in formal written or spoken language (Wolfram Schilling, 2016). Informal standard English exists on a continuum in which speakers are judged toRead MoreEssay on Language as Connectivity in a Group1100 Words   |  5 Pagesin slang and jargon, users are able to communicate their social identity and group belonging. They are also able to portray their cultural heritage and background through ethnolect varieties of English. Language plays a crucial part in enabling the speaker to communicate belonging to a specific social group, reinforcing solidarity. The use of slang enables the speaker to reinforce group membership and belonging. Slang is often ephemeral in nature; it constantly evolves to suit each generationRead MoreLanguage Is A Fundamental Part Of Everyday Life. Thinking1692 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage and speech, and that whilst formal language is used within speech, they are separate (Littlejohn 2008). He says, â€Å"Taken as a whole, speech [parole] is many sided and heterogeneous; straddling several areas simultaneously. We cannot put it into any category of human facts, for we cannot discover its unity. Language [langue] on the contrary, is a self-contained whole, and a principle of classification.† In this essay, the term language will be used as in Saussure’s definition of speech. To viewRead MoreLanguage as a badge of identity Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesteenagers and younger children have begun to adopt this in an attempt to identify with others and fit in. Through language, we can get a glimpse of a person’s identity but they can use the same medium to change that identity as well. Australian English is unlike other Englishes in many different aspects, especially phonetically morphologically and semantically. Phonology plays a great role in national identity as it is what creates different accents. 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This indicates the diversity of ethnicity, culture, and language spoken by the people in New Zealand. Statistics confirm that there are there are more than twenty- five spoken languages in New Zealand; and 90% speakers communicate in English, making it the topRead MoreEssay The Arrival981 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Speech The Arrival by Shaun Tan is a graphic novel which follows the story of a man who embarks on the journey of migration. The notions of belonging that are highlighted in the text are belonging to a place and belonging to a family. The composer establishes these through the masterful employment of various visual techniques. One of the foremost themes of the novel is the concept of belonging to a place, in particular the connection to a homeland. A disturbance in the main environmentRead MoreA Contrastive Analysis of Compliments in American English and Vietnamese1533 Words   |  7 Pagesyou†. Those utterances are called compliments which are used to show that someone likes someone else’s appearance, belongings, or work etc. Due to different cultural background and social values, English and Vietnamese native speakers have different norms of complimenting as well as responding to compliments. In this essay, I will discuss the notion of compliment made in American English and Vietnamese in terms of topics, formulas, and responses. First thing first, let have a look at the definitionRead MoreExplain The Three Types Of Barriers To Effective Communication1170 Words   |  5 Pagesmust jointly understand is indicative. Obstacles arising from the definition or meaning of words used by senders and receivers are an extension of communication. For example, in American English, the brackets used to define the metal structure that adjusts the teeth mean the part of the garment in British English. APA Ref:http//slideshare.net 3.3 Physiological barriers Physiological barriers to communication are due to the physical condition of the sender or receiver and may even be physical disabilityRead MoreEnglish Around Time By Samuel Johnson829 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Across Time Natalie Trang 11ENL02 TRA0130 Across time, many people have advocated for the stabilisation of the English language. Samuel Johnson was a lexicographer who dedicated his life to doing so. He published his dictionary in 1755, in an effort to prescribe the use of the London dialect

How does Rousseau Understand the Concept of Freedom

Readings of Rousseau’s writings’ have exposed distinct arguments around his concept of freedom, and what constitutes natural, moral and civil freedoms. Since the publication of his works, in the eighteenth century, the complexity of the concepts in Rousseau’s writings has cause furious debate and controversy. Much of this deliberation arises out of the ambiguity inherent in his concepts of freedom. In his writing, at times, the concepts of natural, moral and civil freedoms are mutually exclusive, but at other junctures they are ambiguously intertwined. With the concept of freedom sitting as the corner stone of Rousseau’s philosophy, it is understandable, even in contemporary times, his essays still evokes debate. By individually exploring each stage in his manifestations of freedom, the intention of this paper will be to reveal Rousseau’s conceptual ideas which establish what he argues to be freedom. Initially the essay will build Rousseau’s ‘Natural State’ with the intention of explaining his concept of ‘Natural Freedom’. The obvious progression, from this juncture, will be to look at what Rousseau believes are the corrupting elements that lead to the pollution the ‘Natural State’. All the time leading to the un-reclaimable loss of ‘Natural Freedom’, as people coalesce and interact; and ultimately progress towards a civilised society and the inevitable state of becoming unfree. The paper will then continue by looking at Rousseau’s solution to the loss of natural freedom,Show MoreRelatedExploring Karl Marx and Jean-Jacque Rousseaus Views on Freedom1541 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacque Rousseau occasionally seem at odds with one another both philosophers needs to be read as an extension of each other to completely understand what human freedom is. The fundamental difference between the two philosophers lies within the way which they determine why humans are not free creatures in modern society but once were. Rousseau draws on the genealogical as well as the societal aspects of human nature that, in its development, has stripped humankind of its intrinsic freedom. ConverselyRead MoreRousseau Vs Democracy853 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy, More Like DemoCRAZY An issue with the concept and philosophy of democracy is that idea in which is theorized to uphold can sometimes contradict themselves. Democracy in itself cannot be definitely defined, but instead is left up to interpretation by many philosophers and theorists, all of whom have wildly varying convictions of how an actual democracy should function. The ideals in which one person might claim to the be fundamental basics of their version of a democracy could also theRead MoreThe Value Of Liberty ; Rousseau Vs. Mill1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Liberty; Rousseau v. Mill The views and conceptions of what liberty is have continued to change over time as society changes. Freedom is defined as the right to do â€Å"act, think, and speak as one wants† without anyone or anything infringing on that right, but there exists types of freedoms or liberties. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Stuart Mill, and Thomas Jefferson all give their conceptions of what liberty is and while all of them believe government should not have so muchRead MoreEssay on Rousseaus View of Humanity1118 Words   |  5 PagesJean Jacques Rousseau in On Education writes about how to properly raise and educate a child. Rousseaus opinion is based on his own upbringing and lack of formal education at a young age. Rousseau depicts humanity as naturally good and becomes evil because humans tamper with nature, their greatest deficiency, but also possess the ability to transform into self-reliant individuals. Because of the context of the time, it can be seen that Rousseau wa s influenced by the idea of self-preservation, individualRead MoreEssay on The Natural Ways of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau1207 Words   |  5 Pagesthe other hand, there is not just one concept of human nature, but rather a plethora of concepts surrounding the idea. With the rise of capitalism, social structure is reformed; it is during this rise in the early seventeenth and eighteenth century, that John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce their varying opinions surrounding man in nature. The western philosophers mainly concern themselves with the concept of the social contract. Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke begin with the conceptionRead MoreRousseau’s Nonexistent Co-existing State1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of a utopian state is one many people have hoped for or thought of, a place where all people are treated equal and free. Jean Jacques Rousseau developed the theory of sovereign government and the ‘le volante general’, meaning the general will, in his book The Social Contract. There are certain problems with his theory such as, citizens will not be in similar situations, and so if the law was decided on, it will have different impacts on different people, leaving the minority at a disadvantageRead MoreThe Rousseau s Thesis And Social Contract1548 Words   |  7 PagesTo better understand Rousseau’s thesis and social contract he proposed, we must first understand why Rousseau felt compelled to write and his main criticism of society during the 18th century. In sum, Rousseau argued that states (specifically France, though never explicitly stated) have not protected man’s right to freedom or equality. Rousseau began The Social Contract in dramatic fashion. He wrote, â€Å"man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains† (1). This quote is still used today, and isRead MoreMarriage Is Not About Religion, Atheists Marry1591 Words   |  7 Pagesmoralities of freedom, in which we are co nstitutionally promised justice and the pursuit of happiness -- each person reserves the rights to his or her own naturally given pursuit of happiness. By legalizing same-sex marriage, our country would strengthen that sense of morality and ensure that everyone is endowed to the same rights granted through marriage. Demonstrating the definition of marriage as one of the foundations of society, the many effects it has on individuals and personal freedom, and how socialRead MoreThe Bourgeoisie Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagestime.   To understand how classes were created and the disparity between the rich and poor, or, bourgeoisie and proletariat, it is necessary to examine how people came to be rich and poor.   Exploring a time before money existed will help us to process and understand reasons why the binary between rich and poor exists and how it is reflective of low and high art distinctions.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To reach a time before money was instituted, the philosophies of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau have eachRead MoreJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke are all great thinkers who were greatly influential in forming philosophies that would affect the future of politics. By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of government

Did Nostradamus Really Predict New York Attack free essay sample

? Essay, Research Paper Did Nostradamus truly predict New York onslaught? By Geert De Clercq SINGAPORE, Sept 13 ( Reuters ) # 8211 ; Internet confab suites are abuzz with talk that 16th century Gallic astrologist Nostradamus forecast the onslaught on the World Trade Center in New York. Thousands of people have received e-mails incorporating this prognostication, frequently with a 2nd portion prediction that the onslaught on the twin towers will tag the beginning of World War III. Several versions are making the unit of ammunitions. This is one of them: # 8220 ; In the twelvemonth of the new century and nine months From the sky will come a great King of Terror The sky will fire at 45 grades Fire approaches the new city. # 8221 ; The text corresponds approximately to a poetry in Nostradamus # 8217 ; s Century ( subdivision ) Six, Quatrain 97. Several books on Nostradamus have speculated that this quatrain # 8217 ; s first line refers to September 2001, the 9th month in the first twelvemonth of the new century, while the 45 grades is interpreted as the latitude of the metropolis of New York. But New York lies merely below 41 grades latitude and Nostradamus # 8217 ; s poetry does non advert a great war, contrary to what several electronic mails say. In many electronic mails, the poetry comes with a 2nd portion, which seems harder to associate to Nostradamus: # 8220 ; In the metropolis of York there will be a great prostration Two duplicate brothers torn apart by pandemonium While the fortress falls the great leader will yield Third large war will get down when the large metropolis is burning. # 8221 ; HOAXSTRADAMUS? # 8220 ; ( This 2nd quatrain ) is NOT by Nostradamus, # 8221 ; read a statement on www.nostradamus-repository.org, a Web site for Nostradamus survey. Hoax or non, assorted versions of the poetry are being forwarded by the 1000s every twenty-four hours. # 8220 ; Initially, I was truly doubting, but I went to the web to look up something on ( Nostradamus ) . Some prognostications have come true, # 8221 ; Agnes Ng, a 23-year old Singaporean accounting pupil, told Reuters on Thursday. She received one of the prognostications in an electronic mail from a friend. Before send oning the message to her contacts, she posted a transcript on Usenet newsgroup alt.prophecies.nostradamus. The e-mail she received was even more specific, calculating that: # 8220 ; The large war will get down when the large metropolis is firing on the 11th twenty-four hours of the 9th month that # 8230 ; two metal birds would crash into two tall statues in the new metropolis and the universe will stop shortly after. # 8221 ; One of the newsgroup subscribers who goes by the e-mail nickname of # 8220 ; Justaguy # 8221 ; said this was a sham. # 8220 ; It has been posted ad nauseam, # 8221 ; he said. Nostradamus prognostications surface after about every major intelligence event. False or existent, they struck a chord in Singapore. Bookstore salespeople told Reuters there had been strong demand for books on Nostradamus since Tuesday # 8217 ; s onslaughts. An Internet Hoax # 8220 ; Come the millenary, month 12 In the place of greatest power The small town imbecile will come Forth To be acclaimed the leader. # 8221 ; Shortly after the US Supreme Court selected George W. Bush as president in 2000, this quatrain made the Internet Rounds. After having many e-mail messages inquiring whether it had genuinely been written by Nostradamus, I used this site # 8217 ; s Nostradamus Search Engine to look into. The undermentioned quatrain, which refers to an # 8220 ; Idiot Heir # 8221 ; # 8212 ; non # 8220 ; Village Idiot # 8221 ; # 8212 ; is possibly the beginning of the fraud. Scroll further down this page to read remarks made by John Hogue, writer of many all right books refering Nostradamus and his prognostications. In the New York Post, you can reed: XMAS GREETINGS OF THE RICH A ; FAMOUS # 8220 ; Come the Millennium, month 12, in the place of the greatest power, the small town imbecile will come Forth to be acclaimed the leader. # 8221 ; A dubious one will non come far from the kingdom, The greater portion will desire to back up him: A Capitol, will non desire him to govern at all, His great load he will non be able to keep. This # 8220 ; dubious one # 8221 ; could stand for the intellectually lightweight George W. Bush. The # 8220 ; uncertainty # 8221 ; could connote some on-going intuition throughout his presidential term that Bush cheated Al Gore ( who won the bulk of the popular national ballot ) out of the popular ballot in Florida by fly-by-night tactics. A fraud in the Florida ballot count efficaciously gave Bush the necessary electoral ballots to # 8220 ; lawfully # 8221 ; win the election. Nostradamus # 8217 ; usage of # 8220 ; dubious one # 8221 ; could besides bespeak that with clip an of all time larger shadow of bastardy will project itself across a Bush presidential term. The 2nd line might depict a period of attempted healing during the wake of the election. A clip when a bulk of the people of America will seek to beat up around their # 8220 ; dubious # 8221 ; new president. Line three may suggest to us who President Bush # 8217 ; s existent political enemies are. By the manner, it may non be the Democrats in the stalemated Congress. My sense is it will be the right wing elements of his ain Republican Party. But the obstructions do non stop at that place. Those who # 8220 ; will non desire him to govern # 8221 ; could be those work forces behind the scenes that may hold put this maleable adult male into office to be their rehearsed marionette spokesman for their docket. How could those who put him there turn against him? Looking at Bush # 8217 ; s natal astrological chart I see the potency for great self-delusion and a preference for substance maltreatment. The maltreatment in this instance comes from the drug called # 8220 ; power. # 8221 ; At some clip in his presidential term Bush will arise against his animal trainers. As his presidential term becomes more besieged with jobs and [ deficiency of ] credibleness, he might endeavor to be his ain adult male and cease to listen to his advisors, doing even greater jobs and greater strains upon himself. The last line, hence, may depict what I fear is some nervous dislocation or wellness job coming from the overpowering force per unit areas put upon a fundamentally good, yet emotionally and intellectually immature adult male. Now, with this reading said, I wish to admonish you all that there is an even stronger application for this quatrain for an earlier Republican president ; one respected by the Gallic people. It must be remembered that Nostradamus saw the hereafter through the perceptual experience of a Frenchman. If aliens come into his vision it is because they are in some manner appreciative of, or are act uponing the hereafter of, France. We do non cognize how the Gallic will finally see Bush. Indeed the early marks point to present twenty-four hours and future ridicule. Be that as it may, on page 448 of my book Michel de notredame: The Complete Prophecies, I applied this prognostication to Richard Nixon back in 1997. Here is what I said: # 8220 ; This is [ about ] Nixon. Nostradamus would non overlook a adult male who did so much to alter the class of 20th-century history. But our prophesier, of all time the pessimist, had Nixon to # 8220 ; kick around # 8221 ; long before the controversial American president was born. # 8220 ; In line 1 Nixon is the # 8220 ; doubltful one # 8221 ; who is regarded heartily in France. Even the fretful Charles De Gaulle was an supporter. After Nixon # 8217 ; s autumn following the Watergate dirt, he could still happen regard and awards during his visits to the # 8220 ; realm # 8221 ; of France. Possibly Nostradamus is stating that Nixon is # 8220 ; non far # 8221 ; from bein g a Frenchman. In line 2 the â€Å"greater part† back uping Nixon during the 1968 presidential election was what he called the â€Å"Silent Majority.† He declared himself the title-holder of normal, middle-class Americans who were non represented in the disruptive political sphere of the late sixtiess. Line 3’s â€Å"Capitol† represents Washington DC, and the Democrat-controlled Congress of the United States. Their ferocious political competition with the Republican president eventually led to their ballot for his impeachment, coercing him to vacate from office. Line 4 depicts a Nixon burdened with the cover-up over Watergate, unable to keep power and carry through his far-reaching geopolitical dreams to stop the Cold War.† Time and events will state whether Nostradamus # 8217 ; Quatrain 13 of Century 6 describes the calamity of a president yesteryear, or president hereafter. This is credited to Nostradamus, in 1555. We picked it up off the Internet, so it might be a fraud. Still, it has amusive currency. . . Juste un rigolo! ( Just a jokester! ) + The words # 8220 ; small town # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; idiot # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; mill nium # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; mill naire # 8221 ; be in French, but they don # 8217 ; Ts exist in the Nostradamus anticipations. + Nostradamus has neer put the word # 8220 ; month # 8221 ; at the side of # 8220 ; twelve # 8221 ; . + The twelvemonth 1999 is the last exact day of the month that Nostradamus specify. So, if you are looking for # 8220 ; Nostradamus 2001 # 8243 ; , be careful. Prophecies of the ( Near ) hereafter? ( From the Epistle to Henry II ) # 8220 ; Then the great imperium of the Antichrist will get down where Attila and Xerxes descended ( Central Asia and Persia/Iran ) # 8212 ; in Numberss great and infinite, so many that the coming of the Holy Ghost, continuing from the 48th grade will do a transmigration, driving out the abomination of the Antichrist [ who is ] doing war against the Royal who will be the great Vicar of Jesus Christ, and against his Church, and his reign for a clip and to the terminal of time. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; And this will be preceded by a solar occultation more dark than any since the creative activity of the universe # 8230 ; , and there shall be in the month of October some great motion and transference and it will be such that one will believe that the Earth has lots its natural motion, and that it will be plunged into the abysm of ageless darkness ; there will be initial portents in the spring, and extraordinary alterations in rapid sequence thenceforth, reversals of lands and mighty temblors, with the addition of the new Babylon # 8230 ; , augmented by the abomination of the first Holocaust, and it will last no less than 73 old ages and 7 months # 8230 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; And so great peace will be established, brotherhood and Concord between the kids of the frontiers who have been gathered and separated by diverse reigns # 8230 ; # 8221 ; Century 1, Quatrain 17 For 40 old ages the rainbow will non look ; For 40 old ages it will be seen every twenty-four hours: The waterless Earth will turn more dry, And great inundations when it will be seen. Century 1, Quatrain 56 You will see, earlier and subsequently, great alterations made, Extreme horrors and retributions: For as the Moon is therefore led by its angel, The celestial spheres draw near to the calculation. Century 1, Quatrain 63 Plagues extinguished, the universe becomes smaller, For a long clip the lands will be inhabited in peace: Peoples will go safely through the sky ( over ) land and moving ridge: Then wars will get down afresh. Century 1, Quatrain 91 The Gods will do it look to the worlds, That they will be the writers of a great struggle: Sword and spear before Eden is observed as serene, So that on the left manus there will be great affliction. Century 2, Quatrain 45 Excessively much the celestial spheres weep for the Androgyne reproduction, Near the celestial spheres human blood shed: Because of decease excessively tardily a great people re-created, Late and shortly comes the anticipated aid Century 3, Quatrain 34 When the occultation of the Sun will so be, The monster ( godly portents ) will be seen in apparent daytime: Quite otherwise will one construe it, High monetary value unguarded: none will hold provided for it. Century 9, Quatrain 31 The shaking of the Earth at Mortara, The Sn islands of St. George half sunk ; Drowsy with peace, war will originate, At Easter in the temple abysms opened. Century 9, Quatrain 9 When the lamp firing with an inextinguishable fire, Will be found in the temple of the Vestals, Infant found fire, H2O go throughing through the screen, Nimes, Toulouse perish [ in ] H2O, the market to prostration. Century 9, Quatrain 99 Northern air current will do the besieging to be raised, Over the walls to throw ashes, lime chalk and dust, Through rain afterwards, which will make them much injury, Meanest aid against their frontier. Century 9, Quatrain 66 There will be peace, brotherhood and alteration, Estates and offices low [ are ] high, those high [ made ] really low: To fix for a journey torments the first progeny, War to discontinue, civil procedures, arguments. Century 10, Quatrain 42 The human kingdom of Angelic progeny, Will do its kingdom to keep in peace and brotherhood: War confined halfway inside its enclosure, For a long clip peace will be maintained for them. Century 10, Quatrain 74 The twelvemonth the great 7th figure is accomplished, Looking at the clip of the great games of slaughter: Not far from the age of the great millenary, When the dead will come out of their Gravess. Books Michel de notredame: The Complete Prophecies by John Hogue ( hardback ) Michel de notredame: The Complete Prophecies by John Hogue ( paper-back book ) Michel de notredame: Countdown to Apocalypse by Jean-Charles De Fontbrune Michel de notredame: The Final Reckoning by Peter Lemesurier Michel de notredame: The New Revelations by John Hogue The Complete Prophecies of Nostradamus by Henry C. Roberts 1000 for 2000: Prophecies for the New Millennium by John Hogue The Final Prophecies of Nostradamus by Erika Cheetham Michel de notredame by Knut Boese The Keys to the Predictions of Nostradamus by Bardo Kidogo ( Note: This is a fresh. ) The Nostradamus Code by Ottavio Ramotti Michel de notredame: Prophecies Fulfilled and Predictions for the Millennium and Beyond by Skinner and King Nostradamus 1999: Who Will Survive? by Stefan Paulus Michel de notredame: The Following 50 Old ages by Peter Lemesurier The Millennium Book of Prophecy by John Hogue The Nostradamus Encyclopedia by Peter Lesurier Michel de notredame: Prophecies for Women by Manuela Dunn Mascetti Mammoth Book of Nostradamus and Other Nebiims by Damon Wilson Michel de notredame: The Man Who Saw Through Time by Lee McCann Complete Prophecies of Nostradamus by Various Subscribers Michel de notredame: Predictions for the twenty-first Century by Manfred Dimde When the Comet Runs by Tom Kay

The Emotional Impact of Bullying and Cyberbullying on Victims free essay sample

Traditional bullying or bullying is considered as the infringement of the rights of a child to a happy and productive life, inside and outside the school (Greene, 2006). Cyberbullying is defined as disseminating harmful or cruel speech or engaging in other forms of social cruelty using the internet or other information communication technologies (Willard,2005). Arguments have been made by some researchers whether Cyberbullying is just a distinct phenomenon or rather be considered as a part or extension of traditional bullying behaviors (Olweus, 2012 and Li, 2007). Comparing risk factors on cyberbullying and that of traditional bullying is one way to identify key similarities and differences between the two behaviors. It is important to establish whether these are two separate types of bullying or whether cyberbullying is an extension of traditional bullying and how they are related with each other. Many studies have shown relation or involvement between traditional form and cyber for m of bullying. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emotional Impact of Bullying and Cyberbullying on Victims or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A study conducted by Dehue, Bolman, Vollink and Pouwelse (2012) among a sample of adolescents found out that only 7.1% were inclusively involved in cyberbullying, while 22.8% experienced both cyberbullying and traditional bullying as a victim or either the bully. Another study of Smith et al. (2008) found that over 80% of cybervictims were former traditional victims and the results also shows that three quarters of cyberbullies were also traditional bullies. It appears that traditional bullies also have the potential to develop and become cyber bullies which is a negative effect, and those victims of bullying at school could also be cybervictims. A study of Raskauskas and stoltz(2007) found that 85% of cybervictims were also traditional victims and 94% of cyberbullies were also traditional bullies. Olweus (2012) found that 10% of children that have experienced cyberbullying did not experience traditional bullying and that few new victims or bullies are created because of cyberbullying. And it just shows that bullying is integrated from one setting which is the school to a place which is the cyber world.